CTENOPHORA
Mexico has 33 spp. of Ctenophora, and Brazil only 14. The families Thalassocalycidae (sole representative of the order Thalassocalycida in South America) and Mertensiidae are recorded in Chilean and Argentine waters but are absent from Brazil.
PORIFERA
The three freshwater sponge families unknowns in South America are Lubomirskiidae (10, endemic to Lake Baikal), Metschnikowiidae (1, Caspian Lake) and Malawispongiidae (6, Tanganyika and Malawi Lakes in Africa, Ohrid in North Macedonia and E Albania, Kinneret Lake in Israel and Syria, and Poso Lake in C Sulawesi). Mexico includes 517 species of Demospongiae (Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), with no available information for the other classes. Brazil suplnats Mexico in Demospongieae and in freshwater sponge diversity.
The deepest record for the class Hexactinellida belongs at least two different morphotypes observed at 7180m water depth in the Java Trench on Indian Ocean (Marchiò et al, Marine Biology, 2025).
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PLACOZOA
Simple, morphologically indistinguishable marine animals. The most recent phylogenetic analysis of Placozoa, by Tessler et al. (Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2022), recognizes two groups: the class Polyplacotomia (containing a single species) and Uniplacotomia (comprising 22 species in 7 genera across 4 families, one of which — along with 4 genera — remains unnamed). Of the 23 species identified, only four have been formally described (SEE): Trichoplax adhaerens Schulze, 1883 (amoeboid, widely distributed in coastal areas; the only species recorded in Brazil, in Morandino et al., Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2006), Hoilungia hongkongensis Eitel, Schierwater & Wörheide, 2018 (amoeboid, known from a mangrove area in Hong Kong, in Eitel et al., Plos Biology, 2018), Cladtertia collaboinventa Tessler et al., 2022 (ameboid, known from aquarium environments), and Polyplacotoma mediterranea Osigus et al., 2019 (a ramified form, known only from Alassio, Italy, by Osigus & Schierwater, Current Biolgy, 2019). For a global map of Trichoplax collection sites, see Eitel et al. (Plos One, 2013, 2013).
CNIDARIA
There is very little to say about Cnidaria absent from Brazil compared to other New World countries. Only five genera of freshwater Cnidaria do not occur in tropical America (Limnocnida, Pachycordyle, Polypodium, Calpasoma, and Velkovrhia), notably Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, 1885, unique intracelular parasitic in Metazoa, known from Russia, Romania, Kazakhstan, Moldavia, Ukraine, China (only Lake Khanka), Iran, and North America, and one of the canonical Metaoa lineages. In Staurozoa, there is a South American species that does not occur in Brazil, Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889. In Scyphozoa, a South American family is likewise absent from Brazilian waters, Phacellophoridae.
In Myxozoa, Brazil wins Mexican diversity but lacks the genera Palliatus, Myxoproteus, Myxodavisia, Bipteria, Parvicapsula (possibly), Myxobiliatus, Zschokkella, Auerbachia, Renispora, Pseudolantospora, and Alatospora, as well as the South American family Alatosporidae. Malacosporea, with a single family, Saccosporidae (2/3 spp., from North America, Europe and Borneo), is sometimes treated as a distinct class of Myxozoa. Here, we address it under the latter name, but there is a possibility of considering it valid in the future.
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XENACOELOMORPHA
Small, flat and worm-like in marine and sometimes brackish water environments, on the sediments. Three clades with (19:115/)407 spp. worldwide.
XENOTURBELLIDA
Six species in Xenoturbella: one collected off the coast of SW Sweden, which is the type species; one species found at two sites along the coast of Japan; and four species collected along the Pacific coast of North America, ranging from California (2) to the Gulf of California in Mexico (3), with one species common to both areas. It has never been recorded in Brazil.
NEMERTODERMATIDA
(2:6/)18 spp. known only from a few distinct sampling spots: Sweden, Norway, Canarias Is., Belgic, east coast of North America, Bermudas, Adriatic and Mediterranean seas, New Guinea, Australia (Queesland) and New Zealand.
ACOELA
Only two spp. worldwide are freshwaters: Limonoposthia polonica Kolasa et Faubel, 1974 from lakes from Polonia, and Oligochoerus limnophilus Ax & Dörjes, 1966 from UK, France, Germany, Netherlands and Romania.
CHAETOGNATHA
No notes.
GNATHOSTOMULIDA
World diversity: NE Pacific (1:2/2), Galapagos (4:4/4), NW Atlantic (1:1/1), Bermuda (4:5/10, endemic family Problongnathiidae), Bahamas (4:4/4), SE USA (9:13/20), Caribbean (4:4/4), Puerto Rico (1:1/2), Barbados (1:1/1), Belize (5:6/14, endemic family Paucidentulidae), Panama (4:5/6), Canary Islands (4:4/5), W Europe (1:1/1), Ireland (3:3/7), Mediterranean Region (1:1/1), Denmark (2:2/2, endemic family Rastrognathiidae), Sweden (3:3/12), Croatia (4:4/4), Barents (1:1/1), South Africa (1:1/1), Madagascar (1:1/1), Reunion (1:1/1), Red Sea (1:1/1), Maldives (1:1/1), Hong Kong (2:2/2), Thailand (1:1/1), Papua New Guinea (1:1/1), Australia (6:7/10), New Zealand (5:5/9), New Caledonia (1:1/1), Fiji (7:8/13), Tahiti (5:5/5), Hawaii (3:4/8).
Apart from the references above, here we include two records of Gnathostomulida in Brazil: Gnathostomula sp. and Austrognathia sp., both cited for Araçá Bay, São Paulo, both undescribed.
MICROGNATHOZOA
No notes.
SYNDERMATA
The phylum is divided into seven groups, six of which are noteworthy, while one is absent from Brazil.
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PARAROTATORIA
7 spp. in Seison (2) and Paraseison (5) worldwide, parasiting Nebalia (Malacostraca/Leptostraca), known from Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Balearic Archipelago and along the Atlantic coast of France, Sea of Okhotsk, NW Pacific (but the identity of this species is questionable), Gazi Bay in Kenya, W USA, and unidentified specimens from S Chile.
MONOGONONTA
Three families does not occur in Brazil, all disjunct in Ploima order: Birgeidae (1/1, endemic to E North America), Clariaidae (1/1, Vietnam) and Cotylegaleatidae (1/2, Belgium and Turkey one endemic each).
BDELLOIDEA
Only two families does not occur in Brazil: Philodinavidae (New Zealand, Europe, North America, Sumatra, South Africa, South America, Hawaii) and Coronistomidae (endemic to USA).
EOACANTHOCEPHALA
Some America Latina's genera do not occur in Brazil: Acanthogyrus (Quadrigyridae, Puerto Rico, T.Tobago, Old World, SEE), Deltacanthus (Quadrigyridae, Venezuela) and Wolffhugelia (Argentina and Uruguay).
PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA
Some America Latina's genera do not occur in Brazil: Breizacanthus (Argentina), Neoacanthocephaloides (Puerto Rico), Caballerorhynchus (Mexico), Pseudocavisoma (Puerto Rico), Hypoechinorhynchus (Argentina), Tegorhynchus (Juan Fernandez, Puerto Rico), Pomphorhynchus (Argentina, Chile, Mexico), Pseudoleptorhynchoides (Mexico) and Plagiorhynchus (Mexico).
ORTHONECTIDA
(2:5/)24 spp. of parasites of marine invertebrates, mainly in Mollusca, Platyhelminthes, Acoelomorpha and Annelida, collected at their hosts in Atlantic coast of Europe, Arctic, W North America and Japan. Unknown in Brazil and in Mexico.
DICYEMIDA
(3:9/)122 spp. in 9 genera: Dicyema (69), Dicyemmenea (42), Dicyemodeca (3), Dodecadicyema (1, E India), Pleodicyema (1, Spain), Pseudicyemma (3), Kantharella (1, Antarctica), Microcyema (1), and Conocyema (1), known from E Canada (1/1), USA (2/21, largest diversity worldwide), Mexico (1/2), Venezuela (1), Argentina (2/4), Mauritania (1/2), UK (1:2/2), Spain (1/1), France (2:3/6), Sweden (1/1), Norway (1/1), Italy (2/4), W Mediterranean (2:3/7), India (3/6), Japan (4/44), Russia (3/7), New Zealand (2/4), Subantarctic Islands (1/4), International waters (3/5), Antarctica (2:2/2, Kantharellidae endemic) and Australia (2/10).
GASTROTRICHA
Endemic families in New World: Hummondasyidae (1/1, Macrodasyda, Jamaica).
PLATYHELMINTHES
Gnosonesimida includes (1/)7 spp. in Gnosonesima, known from Massachusetts (USA), Antarctica (G. antarctica), North Sea and Greenland (G. borealis and G. brattstroemi), Mediterranean Sea (G. mediterranea) and Somalia (G. tropicalis), and unnamed records in California, Panama and SE Cuba.
According to our survey, six groups of flatworms include troglobic species, three of these exclusive from U.S.A.: Cestoda (Proteocephalus poulsoni Whitaker & Zober, 1978, from Kentucky), Trematoda (Brachycoelium longleyi Moravec & Huffman, 2000, from Texas, parasitic in Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, Caudata, SEE), Alloeocoela (1, Prorhynchidae, Geocentrophora cavernicola Carpenter, 1970, from Kentucky, Virginia and West Virginia), Tricladida, Proseriata (1, South Africa, SEE), and Temnocephalida. Brazil has troglobic only in Tricladida.
Endemic families in New World, all Rhabditophora: Atamatamidae (3/3, Neodermata, Peru), Mucroplanidae (1/1, Amplimatricata, Ecuador), Discoprosthididae (1/1, Amplimatricata, Argentina), Euryleptididae (1/1, Amplimatricata, Brazil), Braunotrematidae (1/1, Neodermata, Brazil), Crassicollidae (1/1, Rhabdocoela, USA) and Acipensericolidae (1/2, Neodermata, USA).
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ENTOPROCTA
Loxokalypodidae (1/2; Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, and southern New Caledonia) is the only family of the phylum absent from Brazil, and Loxosomatoides sirindhornae Wood, 2005 (Pedicellinidae) is only the second freshwater species of Bryozoa known worldwide, being endemic to C Thailand. Endemic families in New World: Polliciporidae (1/1, Gymnolaemata, Chile), Jebramellidae (1/1, Gymnolaemata, Brazil), Tapajosellidae (1/1, Phylactolaemata, Brazil).
CYCLIOPHORA
A phylum consisting of three microscopic species within a single genus (Symbion) and family (Symbiidae), parasitizing lobster gills in the North Atlantic, and showing strong affinities with Entoprocta and Ectoprocta, collected in Halifax (Canada), Maine, Nova York, Massachussets and Maryland in NE USA, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Faroe Islands, U.K., France, Spain and Croatia.
NEMERTEA
Arhynchonemertes axi Riser, 1988,is unique Nemertea without proboscis and rhynchocoel, restricted for New Zealand. Endemic families in New World: Panorhynchidae (1/1, Anopla, Argentina), Pachynemertidae (1/1, Enopla, Bermuda), Fasciculonemertidae (1/1, Enopla, Chile).
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MOLLUSCA
Monoplacophora canonic lineage does not occur in Brazil. Endemic families in New World: Tantulidae (1/1, Heterobranchia, Saint Vicente y Granadinas) and Globocornidae (1/1, Caenogastropoda, Cuba).
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APLACOPHORA
Brazil wins Mexico in number of species (16 ✕ 1).
POLYPLACOPHORA
Mexico wins Brazil in number of species (159 ✕ 37).
MONOPLACOPHORA
A relictual group absent in Brazil. (4:7/)31 spp. worldwide, two families in New World. Largest diversities are New Zealand (2:2/6), Mexico (2:4/4), Azores region (1:1/4) and Peru (1:1/4).
CEPHALOPODA
Mexico wins Brazil in number of species (111 ✕ 92).
BIVALVIA
Mexico wins Brazil in marine (1,202 ✕ 522) and Brazil wins Mexico in freshwater (116 ✕ 97) species of Bivalvia.
GASTROPODA
Mexico wins Brazil in marine (3,127 ✕ 1,837), freshwater (193 ✕ 177) and terrestrial (1,184 ✕ 715) species of Gastropoda.
SCAPHOPODA
Brazil wins Mexico in number of species (43 ✕ 40).
ANNELIDA
Among the 97 non-Clitellata families recognized here, 18 do not occur in Brazil: Laetmonectidae (1/1, unplaced), Spintheridae (1/11, unplaced), Hartmaniellidae (1/3, Eunicida), Ichthyotomidae (1/1, Eunicida), Antonbruuniidae (1/3, Phyllodocida), Iphionidae (4/23, Phyllodocida), Pontodoridae (1/1, Phyllodocida), Yndolaciidae (3/3, Phyllodocida), Dinophilidae (3/19, Protodriliformea), Apharyngtidae (1/1, Orbiniida), Parergodrilidae (2/12, Orbiniida), Alvinellidae (2/12, Cirratuliformea), Uncispionidae (3/8, Spionida), Psammodrilidae (1/8, Spionida), Echiuridae (1/4, Echiura), Ikedidae (1/2, Echiura), Urechidae (1/4, Echiura), and Hrabeiellidae (1/2, in Hrabeiella). Within these groups, few members warrant specific mention.
On the other hand, the number of Clitellata families absent from Brazil is striking: 37. At least 14 families occur in New World but are unknown as native in Brazil: Randiellidae (4, 1 in Oregon, 3 from east coast of USA and Caribbean and New Caledonia), Parvidrilidae (1/11, SE U.S.A. and Europe), Phreodrilidae, Haplotaxoididae (1/5, endemic to W USA, freshwater), Pelodrilidae, Komarekionidae (mid-Atlantic states west to southern Illinois, USA), Lutodrilidae (E USA), Megascolecidae (Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada to California), Sparganophilidae (North America), Lumbricidae, Tumakidae (1/3, Colombia), Lumbriculidae (Holarctic with extension into W Asia), Acanthobdellidae (broadly across northern Eurasia and Alaska), some Hirudina (), and Branchibdellidae (Canada to SE Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Euro-Mediterranean, E Asia).
Among all Annelida, only three branching species with a highly modified body-pattern are known until now, all in Syllidae within Phyllodocida: Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879 (250 m near the Philippines and at a depth of 170 m in the Arafura Sea), Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby et al. (inside both white and purple sponges of the genus Petrosia in Darwin Harbour, Australia), and R. kingghidorahi Aguado, Ponz-Segrelles, Glasby, Ribeiro, Jimi & Miura, 2022, from Shukunegi Point, at the southern tip of Sado Island, Japan. All have unusual ramified bodies with one head and multiple anuses, and live inside the canals of host sponges.
The highest record of a freshwater non-Clitellata Annelida in world belongs Lycastoides alticola Johnson, 1903 from Mexico, found at 2,150 m a.s.l. in Mexico.
Parergodrilidae includes 12 spp. (Purschke & Fursman, Zoomorphology, 2005): Parergodrilus heideri Reisinger, 1925 (terrestrial, living in the zone of leaf litter and has so far only been found in Europe) and 11 Stygocapitella, in North America, E Asia, Europe, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand .
The Alvinellidae are a family of worms that are endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Alvinella pompejana Desbruyères and Laubier, 1980 (Alvinellidae) is the most heat-tolerant complex organism known on Earth, found near hydrothermal vents deep in Galapagos vents, it thrives at a temperature of 50 °C; this is near the theoretical limit for eukaryotes, whose mitochondria disintegrate at about 55 °C.
Vestimentifera has six genera endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific: Riftia, Ridgeia, Tevnia, Oasisia, Alaysia, and Arcovestia, and four widely: Lamellibrachia, Escarpia, Paraescarpia and Seepiophila.
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BRACHIOPODA
Linguliformea includes two New World genera absent in Brazil: Glottidia (MAP) and Pelagodiscus (MAP). The single New World genus of Craniiformea (Novocrania) was collected in Brazil. Few accurate data for Rhynchonelliformea. Endemic families in New World: Bouchardiidae (1/1, Rhynchonellata, Brazil).
Cooper (Studies In Tropical Oceanography, 1977) lists 53 spp. of Brachiopoda from New Jersey to N Brazil. Gulf of Mexico hosts 26 spp. of Branchipoda (SEE), in Linguliformea (2), Craniiformea (1), and Rhynchonelliformea (23).
BRYOZOA
Endemic families in New World: Polliciporidae (1/1, Gymnolaemata, Chile), Jebramellidae (1/1, Gymnolaemata, Brazil) and Tapajosellidae (1/1, Phylactolaemata, Brazil).
PHORONIDA
No notes.
LORICIFERA
Only SE Mexico (4/4, SEE), U.S.A. (3/9), Faroe Is. (3/5), Atacama trench (2/4, SEE), France (2/3), Namibia (2/3), SE Australia (2/2), Japan (2/2), northern Atlantic (1/2), and Galapagos (1/2) has more a than a single species in Loricifera. Brazil has only one.
KINORRHYNCHA
All clades of Kinorrhyncha occur in Brazil except Xenosomata, accommodating only two genera, Ryuguderes and Campyloderes. The latter genus includes C. vanhoeffeni Zelinka, 1913, appears to be nearly globally distributed, whereas R. iejimaensis Yamasaki, 2016 and R. casarrubiosi Cepeda et al., 2022 are only known from their type localities, respectively, at Okinawa, Japan, and west of Madagascar (SEE).
Gulf of California in Pacific Mexico includes (2:4/)10 spp. of Kinorhyncha (SEE): Pycnophyidae includes Pycnophyes (2) and Kinorhynchus (5), and Echinoderidae includes Echinoderes (2) and Fissuroderes (1). Mexican part of Gulf of Mexico includes 24 spp. (SEE). In summary, Mexico includes 34 spp. of Kinorrhyncha, and Brazil only 8.
PRIAPULIDA
Small marine group comprising (5:7/)24 spp. across four clades, three of which are successively basal (microscopic and meiofaunal) and one derived, macroscopic clade. Among Macroscopic Priapulida, 7 spp. occur in New World outer Brazil, 4 in northern Hemisphere (Halicryptus higginsi, Halicryptus spinulosus, Priapulopsis bicaudatus and Priapulus caudatus), two in Southern Hemisphere (Priapulopsis australis, Priapulus tuberculatospinosus) and one in Costa Rica (Priapulus abyssorum).
Meiopriapulus
Includes only Meiopriapulus fijiensis Morse, 1981, collected in Adaman islands in Bengal Bay, Fiji islands and Cheju island in South Korea.
Tubiluchus
11 spp. worldwide in a single genus, two in New World: Tubiluchus corallicola (Panama, Curazao, Barbados, Bermuda, Bonaire, Bahamas, Florida) and reports of undetermined specimens in Playa Caletones in NE Cuba.
MACCABEIDAE
A single genus, Maccabeus, with two spp. from SE coast of Cyprus and Andaman Sea at 2,000 m deep
NEMATOMORPHA
Nine genera of both families in South America (CTFB / KNAF/2020), all these in Brazil except Gordionus (KNAF/2020), also absent in Mexico.
NEMATODA
Placentonema gigantissima Gubanov, 1951 (Tetrameridae) is potentially the largest nematode worm ever described, with a length of 8.4 metres (28 ft) and a diameter of 2.5 centimetres, discovered in the 1950s around the Kuril Islands, Russia; this species develops its parasitic nature by utilizing nutrients found in the endometrium of female sperm whales and forming as spiriud (small, embroyonated) eggs; it can parasitize not only the placenta, but also the uterus, reproductive tract, mammary glands, or subdermis of the sperm whale.
Endemic families in New World: Berntsenidae (1/2, Chromadorea, USA).
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TARDIGRADA
Brazil has the third freshwater diversity in South America (20/61), being surpassed by Argentina (30/111) and Chile (21/63), by Kaczmarek et al. (Zootaxa, 2015). Mexico, by contrast, includes only 41 species (SEE). Only the family Oreellidae in South America does not occurs in in Brazil.
ONYCHOPHORA
With the currently described species and the above circumscription, the three greatest diversities in the genus among New World countries are, individually, Costa Rica (5), Jamaica (5), Brazil (4), Colombia (3), and Panama (3). For species, the leading countries are Brazil (22), Colombia (12), and Costa Rica (8). Worldwide, only Costa Rica (1), Jamaica (2), Gabon (1), and India (1) has endemic genera in Peripatidae.
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ARTHROPODA
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HEMICHORDATA
No notes.
ECHINODERMATA
Along the Brazilian coast, all living orders of echinoderms are present except for seven: Cyrtocrinida and Hyocrinida within Crinoidea; Pedinoida, Echinoida, Phymosomatoida, and Holectypoida within Echinoidea; and Peripodida within Asteroidea. Mexico hosts a greater number of echinoderm species across all five living classes, with the numerical advantage in each group being: Ophiuroidea (59 species), Asteroidea (115), Echinoidea (65), Holothuroidea (41), and Crinoidea (10).
An abundant population of elpidiid holothurians collected at 10,908 m in the Mariana Trench represents the deepest known deuterostome taxon (Gallo, N.D. et al, Oceanographic Research Papers, 2015).
CEPHALOCHORDATA
No notes.
TUNICATA
No notes.
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