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TIMES NEW ROMAN, ea omnis inventore qui accusamus labore ea voluptatem nisi est placeat tempore nam officiis deserunt qui libero placeat et voluptas ullam. Rem maxime eligendi est voluptate sint sed laboriosam fugit sit minima velit!
CTENOPHORA
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CLASSE
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CYCLIOPHORA
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PRIAPULIDA
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CLASSE
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CYCLIOPHORA
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CTENOPHORA
Mexico has 33 spp. of Ctenophora, and Brazil only 14. The families Thalassocalycidae (sole representative of the order Thalassocalycida in South America) and Mertensiidae are recorded in Chilean and Argentine waters but are absent from Brazil.
PORIFERA
The three freshwater sponge families unknowns in South America are Lubomirskiidae (10, endemic to Lake Baikal), Metschnikowiidae (1, Caspian Lake) and Malawispongiidae (6, Tanganyika and Malawi Lakes in Africa, Ohrid in North Macedonia and E Albania, Kinneret Lake in Israel and Syria, and Poso Lake in C Sulawesi).
PLACOZOA
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CNIDARIA
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XENACOELOMORPHA
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CHAETOGNATHA
No notes.
GNATHOSTOMULIDA
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MICROGNATHOZOA
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SYNDERMATA
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ORTHONECTIDA
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DICYEMIDA
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GASTROTRICHA
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PLATYHELMINTHES
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ENTOPROCTA
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CYCLIOPHORA
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NEMERTEA
Nemertea has only one notable genus absent from Brazil: Arhynchonemertes axi Riser, 1988, unique Nemertea without proboscis and rhynchocoel and restricted for New Zealand (SEE | SEE), with an uncertain taxonomic position, sometimes considered a canonic lineage within the phylum.
MOLLUSCA
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ANNELIDA
Among the 97 non-Clitellata families recognized here, 18 do not occur in Brazil: Laetmonectidae (1/1, unplaced), Spintheridae (1/11, unplaced), Hartmaniellidae (1/3, Eunicida), Ichthyotomidae (1/1, Eunicida), Antonbruuniidae (1/3, Phyllodocida), Iphionidae (4/23, Phyllodocida), Pontodoridae (1/1, Phyllodocida), Yndolaciidae (3/3, Phyllodocida), Dinophilidae (3/19, Protodriliformea), Apharyngtidae (1/1, Orbiniida), Parergodrilidae (2/12, Orbiniida), Alvinellidae (2/12, Cirratuliformea), Uncispionidae (3/8, Spionida), Psammodrilidae (1/8, Spionida), Echiuridae (1/4, Echiura), Ikedidae (1/2, Echiura), Urechidae (1/4, Echiura), and Hrabeiellidae (1/2, in Hrabeiella). Within these groups, few members warrant specific mention.
On the other hand, the number of Clitellata families absent from Brazil is striking: 37. At least 14 families occur in New World but are unknown as native in Brazil: Randiellidae (), Parvidrilidae (1/11, SE U.S.A. and Europe), Phreodrilidae (), Haplotaxoididae (1/5, endemic to W U.S.A., freshwater), Pelodrilidae (), Komarekionidae (mid-Atlantic states west to southern Illinois, U.S.A.), Lutodrilidae (E U.S.A.), Megascolecidae (Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada to California), Sparganophilidae (North America), Lumbricidae (), Tumakidae (1/3, Colombia), Lumbriculidae (), Acanthobdellidae (), some Hirudina (), and Branchibdellidae ().
Among all Annelida, only three branching species with a highly modified body-pattern are known until now, all in Syllidae within Phyllodocida: Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879 (250 m near the Philippines and at a depth of 170 m in the Arafura Sea), Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby et al. (inside both white and purple sponges of the genus Petrosia in Darwin Harbour, Australia), and R. kingghidorahi Aguado, Ponz-Segrelles, Glasby, Ribeiro, Jimi & Miura, 2022, from Shukunegi Point, at the southern tip of Sado Island, Japan. All have unusual ramified bodies with one head and multiple anuses (Wikipedia), and live inside the canals of host sponges (Species New to Science).
The highest record of a freshwater non-Clitellata Annelida in world belongs Lycastoides alticola Johnson, 1903 from Mexico, found at 2,150 m a.s.l. in Mexico (Conde-Vela, Subterranean Biology, 2017).
Parergodrilidae includes 12 spp. (Purschke & Fursman, Zoomorphology, 2005): Parergodrilus heideri Reisinger, 1925 (terrestrial, living in the zone of leaf litter and has so far only been found in Europe) and 11 Stygocapitella, in North America, E Asia, Europe, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand (for maps, SEE).
The Alvinellidae are a family of worms that are endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2024). Alvinella pompejana Desbruyères and Laubier, 1980 (Alvinellidae) is the most heat-tolerant complex organism known on Earth, found near hydrothermal vents deep in Galapagos vents, it thrives at a temperature of 50 °C; this is near the theoretical limit for eukaryotes, whose mitochondria disintegrate at about 55 °C (Wikipedia).
Vestimentifera has six genera endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific: Riftia, Ridgeia, Tevnia, Oasisia, Alaysia, and Arcovestia, and four widely: Lamellibrachia, Escarpia, Paraescarpia and Seepiophila (McCowin et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2023).
BRANCHYOPODA
Linguliformea includes two New World genera absent in Brazil: Glottidia (MAP) and Pelagodiscus (MAP). The single New World genus of Craniiformea (Novocrania) was collected in Brazil. Few accurate data for Rhynchonelliformea.
Cooper (Studies In Tropical Oceanography, 1977) lists 53 spp. of Brachiopoda from New Jersey to N Brazil. Gulf of Mexico hosts 26 spp. of Branchipoda (SEE), in Linguliformea (2), Craniiformea (1), and Rhynchonelliformea (23).
BRYOZOA
No notes.
PHORONIDA
No notes.
LORICIFERA
Only SE Mexico (4/4, SEE), U.S.A. (3/9), Faroe Is. (3/5), Atacama trench (2/4, SEE), France (2/3), Namibia (2/3), SE Australia (2/2), Japan (2/2), northern Atlantic (1/2), and Galapagos (1/2) has more a than a single species in Loricifera. Brazil has only one.
KINORRHYNCHA
All clades of Kinorrhyncha occur in Brazil except Xenosomata, accommodating only two genera, Ryuguderes and Campyloderes. The latter genus includes C. vanhoeffeni Zelinka, 1913, appears to be nearly globally distributed, whereas R. iejimaensis Yamasaki, 2016 and R. casarrubiosi Cepeda et al., 2022 are only known from their type localities, respectively, at Okinawa, Japan, and west of Madagascar (SEE).
Gulf of California in Pacific Mexico includes (2:4/)10 spp. of Kinorhyncha (SEE): Pycnophyidae includes Pycnophyes (2) and Kinorhynchus (5), and Echinoderidae includes Echinoderes (2) and Fissuroderes (1). Mexican part of Gulf of Mexico includes 24 spp. (SEE). In summary, Mexico includes 34 spp. of Kinorrhyncha, and Brazil only 8.
PRIAPULIDA
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NEMATOMORPHA
Nine genera of both families in South America (CTFB / KNAF/2020), all these in Brazil except Gordionus (KNAF/2020), also absent in Mexico.
NEMATODA
Placentonema gigantissima Gubanov, 1951 (Tetrameridae) is potentially the largest nematode worm ever described, with a length of 8.4 metres (28 ft) and a diameter of 2.5 centimetres, discovered in the 1950s around the Kuril Islands, Russia; this species develops its parasitic nature by utilizing nutrients found in the endometrium of female sperm whales and forming as spiriud (small, embroyonated) eggs; it can parasitize not only the placenta, but also the uterus, reproductive tract, mammary glands, or subdermis of the sperm whale.
TARDIGRADA
Brazil has the third freshwater diversity in South America (20/61), being surpassed by Argentina (30/111) and Chile (21/63), by Kaczmarek et al. (Zootaxa, 2015). Mexico, by contrast, includes only 41 species (SEE). Only the family Oreellidae in South America does not occurs in in Brazil.
ONYCHOPHORA
With the currently described species and the above circumscription, the three greatest diversities in the genus among New World countries are, individually, Costa Rica (5), Jamaica (5), Brazil (4), Colombia (3), and Panama (3). For species, the leading countries are Brazil (22), Colombia (12), and Costa Rica (8). Worldwide, only Costa Rica (1), Jamaica (2), Gabon (1), and India (1) has endemic genera in Peripatidae.
ARTHROPODA
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CLASSE
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DIPLURA
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INSECTA
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ECHINODERMATA
Along the Brazilian coast, all living orders of echinoderms are present except for seven: Cyrtocrinida and Hyocrinida within Crinoidea; Pedinoida, Echinoida, Phymosomatoida, and Holectypoida within Echinoidea; and Peripodida within Asteroidea. Mexico hosts a greater number of echinoderm species across all five living classes, with the numerical advantage in each group being: Ophiuroidea (59 species), Asteroidea (115), Echinoidea (65), Holothuroidea (41), and Crinoidea (10).
An abundant population of elpidiid holothurians collected at 10,908 m in the Mariana Trench represents the deepest known deuterostome taxon (Gallo, N.D. et al, Oceanographic Research Papers, 2015).
CEPHALOCHORDATA
No notes.
TUNICATA
No notes.
CRANIATA
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CLASSE
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ACTINOPTERI
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