FAGALES IN NEW WORLD ✅

UPDATE IN 29.09.2024

In the New World there are 350 spp. from Fagales in 22 genera, being 239 Fagaceae in Castanea (3), Chrysolepis (2), Colombobalanus (1), Fagus (1), Lithocarpus (1) and Quercus (231); 38 Juglandaceae in Alfaroa (5), Carya (13), Juglans (17) and Oreomunnea (3); 34 spp. of Betulaceae in Alnus (10), Betula (17), Carpinus (2), Corylus (2) and Ostrya (3); 28 Myricaceae in Comptonia (1), Myrica (17) and Morella (10); 10 Nothofagaceae in Fuscospora (1), Lophozonia (4) and Nothofagus (5); and one Ticodendraceae in Ticodendron (1).

For comparison, China has 404 spp in this order, (7/)291 spp. from Fagaceae, (6/)89 sp. from Batulaceae, (7/)20 spp. from Juglandaceae and (1/)4 spp. of Myricaceae (Flora of China).

Almost 2/3 of New World Fagales are Quercus (231), and almost a half are Mexican Quercus (137). Mexico has 162 spp., c. 84% only Quercus. Mexico has 128 Myrtaceae. Brazil has 1,153 spp. in this family. Brazil has 3.5✕ more Myrtaceae than the sum of all Myrtaceae and Fagales in Mexico.

America Latina is one of the centers of Fagaceae distribution, at least for the genus Quercus. There are a total of 145 Fagaceae species native to America Latina of which 143 are Quercus, with the other two being one species of Fagus and one species of Trigonobalanus. Within Quercus, 32 species that occur in America Latina extend into the U.S.A. and one, Q. muehlenbergii, ranges as far north as Canada. By far the main center for Quercus in America Latina is Mexico (137 spp. of which 83 are endemic); the number of species rapidly falls off in Central America, and only one species (Q. humboldtii) occurs in South America (Colombia), in Bartholomew & Almada (Phytotaxa, 2023).

U.S.A. has 151 Fagales, being 96 Fagaceae, 30 Betulaceae, 17 Juglandaceae and 8 Myricaceae. Brazil has, only in Myrcia, 3✕ more species tham all Fagales from U.S.A.

BRAZIL ✕ MEXICO/COLOMBIA: BOTANY

Here, we list in botanical order only the orders and families that occur in the New World.

LAURALES

SIPARUNACEAE

Colombia leads in Siparuna (32 ✕ 19), the single New World genus.

LAURACEAE ‣ All New World genera in South America except Lindera (94, 91 in Asia to Queensland, 3 in SE Canada to C & E U.S.A.), Litsea (397, 387 in tropical & subtropical Asia, and 10 in SE. U.S.A. to Costa Rica), Sassafras (3, 2 in S China to Vietnam, Taiwan, 1 in SE Canada to C & E U.S.A.), Umbellularia (1, Oregon to NW México) and Tamala (3, SE U.S.A. to E Texas, Bahamas).

Three South America genera does not occur in Brazil: Yasunia (2), Chlorocardium (3) and Andea (25), and Brazil has three endemic genera.

Mexico leads against Brazil only in 4 genera: Umbellaria, Litsea (both Brazilian absents), Beilschmiedia (10 ✕ 8) and Damburneya (14 ✕ 1).

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MONIMIACEAE

All New World genera occur in Brazil except Peumus and Laureliopsis from Argentina and Chile. Compared to Mexico and Colombia, Brazil leads in species diversity in all New World tropical genera.

HERNANDIACEAE

Mexico leads in Gyrocarpus (4 ✕ 1) and Hernandia (4 ✕ 1) against Brazil. Colombia leads in Hernandia (2 ✕ 1) against Brazil.

CANELLALES

CANELLACEAE

Family absent in Colombia. Mexico (Canella) 1 ✕ 6 (Cinnamodendron) 6 Brazil.

WINTERACEAE

In New World, Brazil and Chile lead with 3 spp. each.

PIPERALES

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ‣ Brazil leads in species over Colombia and Mexico.

HYDNORACEAE ‣ family absent in Mexico and Colombia.

PIPERACEAE ‣ Brazil leads/tied over Colombia and Mexico in genera. Among common genera, Colombia leads in Peperomia (267 ✕ 184) and Piper (425 ✕ 308). Brazil leads over Mexico in all genera.

CERATOPHYLLALES

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Brazil, Colombia and Mexico has the same species in this order.

DILLENIALES

DILLENIACEAE

All New World genera occur in Brazil. All genera leads by Brazil except Neodillenia leading by Colombia (2 ✕ 1).

CARYOPHYLLALES

DROSERACEAE ‣ Brazil leads absolutely against Colombia and Mexico.
GENTIANALES

LOGANIACEAE ‣ all New World genera in Brazil. Brazil leads in all genera among Mexico and Colombia.

GELSEMIACEAE ‣ Brazil and Mexico has two spp. both. Absent in Colombia.

SOLANALES

HYDROLEACEAE ‣ Brazil, Mexico and Colombia two spp. each.

CONVOLVULACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 4 brazilian outsiders (Decalobanthus, Itzaea, Petrogenia and Porana) and Brazil includes 5 mexican outsiders (Calycobolus, Daustinia, Dicranostyles, Lysiostyles and Tetralocularia). Among common genera, Mexico leads in Cressa (2 ✕ 1), Cuscuta (65 ✕ 22) and Calystegia (5 ✕ 1). Decalobanthus and Porana are strong disjunctions favorable to Mexico. Brazil leads full over Colombian genera and species.

SOLANACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 15 brazilian outsiders: Browallia (2), Cuatresia (1), Datura (14), Hunzikeria (3), Jaltomata (6), Merinthopodium (1), Plowmania (1), Schultesianthus (3) and 7 genera in Physaleae (Cataracta endemic). Brazil has 13 unmexican genera - advantage for Mexico. Colombia includes 11 unbrazilian genera: Browallia (Cestroideae), Exodeconus (Exodeconeae), Doselia, Merinthopodium, Poortmannia, Schultesianthus, Trianaea (Solandreae), Jaltomata (Solaneae), Cuatresia, Deprea and Saracha (Physaleae). Brazil and Colombia tied in number of genera.

Among common genera, Colombia leads in Brugmansia (4 ✕ 2), Cestrum (49 ✕ 45), Iochroma (5 ✕ 1), Juanulloa (4 ✕ 2), Lycianthes (21 ✕ 10), Markea (9 ✕ 4), Sessea (8 ✕ 1) and Witheringia (5 ✕ 1). Mexico leads in Physalis (77 ✕ 4), Lycianthes (47 ✕ 10), Cestrum (56 ✕ 45), Lycium (20 ✕ 3), Solandra (6 ✕ 4), Witheringia (5 ✕ 1) and Bouchetia (3 ✕ 1).

LAMIALES

OLEACEAE ‣ Mexico includes br-outliers Cartrema, Fraxinus, Hesperalea and Forestiera. Brazil leads in Chionanthus against Mexico and Colombia. Mexico leads in Menodora. Priogymnanthus does not occur in Mexico.

TETRACHONDRACEAE ‣ only one sp. in tropical America, Polypremum procumbens L., from C & SE U.S.A. to America Central, Caribbean, NE Colombia to Suriname.

PELTANTHERACEAE ‣ a single species, Peltanthera floribunda Benth. & Hook.f., from Costa Rica to Bolivia.

CALCEOLARIACEAE ‣ 21 spp. in Colombia and 4 in Mexico. Only one in Brazil.

GESNERIACEAE ‣ Brazil and Mexico has equal number of genera. Mexico includes 15 Brazilian outsiders: Achimenes (24), Alloplectus (1), Alsobia (5), Amalophyllon (3), Eucodonia (2), Gasteranthus (1), Glossoloma (2), Kohleria (3), Moussonia (19), Niphaea (3), Pachycaulos (1), Rhynchoglossum (1), Smithiantha (6), Solenophora (13), Trichodrymonia (1). Among 12 common genera, Mexico leads only in Columnea (10 ✕ 7) and Diastema (2 ✕ 1).

PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 30 genera, Brazil 21. Mexico includes 21 Brazilian outsiders genera: Collinsia (3), Epixiphium (1), Gambelia (4), Hippuris (1), Keckiella (3), Linaria (2), Lophospermum (7), Mabrya (5), Maurandella (1), Maurandya (2), Mohavea (1), Neogaerrhinum (2), Penstemon (64), Pseudorontium (1), Rhodochiton (3), Russelia (45), Sairocarpus (4), Schistophragma (4), Sibthorpia (1), Tetranema (2) and Uroskinnera (3). Among the nine common genera, Mexico leads in Callitriche (6 ✕ 3), Plantago (20 ✕ 19), Stemodia (15 ✕ 11) and Veronica (5 ✕ 1).

Colombia has 19 genera, two fewer Brazil. Colombia includes Brazil outsiders Aragoa (17), Linaria (1), Ourisia (2), Russelia (1), Schistophragma (1) and Sibthorpia (1). Among common genera, Colombia leads in Callitriche (6 ✕ 3) and Veronica (2 ✕ 1).

SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Brazilian outsiders Alonsoa (1), Eremogeton (1), Leucophyllum (17) and Scrophularia (3). Among common genera, Mexico leads in Capraria (5 ✕ 1) and Limosella (2 ✕ 1). Both countries tied in Buddleja. Colombia has Alonsoa (2) and leads in Limosella (2 ✕ 1).

LINDERNIACEAE ‣ Brazil leads against Mexico and Colombia in all common genera (all colombian and mexican genera occur in Brazil).

VERBENACEAE ‣ Brazil has 14 genera and Mexico has 13. Mexico includes one Brazilian outsider: Rehdera (2), and leads in Bouchea (6 ✕ 4), Citharexylum (38 ✕ 7), Duranta (3 ✕ 1), Phyla (4 ✕ 2), Priva (6 ✕ 2) and Tamonea (3 ✕ 2). Colombia includes one genus absent in Brazil: Junellia (1), and leads in Citharexylum (10 ✕ 7) and Duranta (9 ✕ 1).

SCHLEGELIACEAE ‣ Colombia includes two genera absent in Brazil: Exarata (1) and Gibsoniothamnus (1), and leads in Schlegelia (16 ✕ 6). Mexico includes Gibsoniothamnus (1).

MARTYNIACEAE ‣ Mexico and Brazil are fully disjunct in genera. Mexico includes Martynia (2) and Proboscidea (6).

BIGNONIACEAE ‣ Colombia has more genera tham Brazil in Bignoniaceae. Colombia inludes 8 Brazilian outsiders Amphitecna (3), Delostoma (1), Eccremocarpus (1), Parmentiera (1), Romeroa (1), Roseodendron (2), Tecoma (1) and Tourretia (1). Mexico includes 8 Brazilian outsiders: Amphitecna (12), Astianthus (1), Chilopsis (1), Parmentiera (3), Roseodendron (1), Tecoma (1) and Tourretia (1). Among shared genera, Colombia leads only in Crescentia (2 ✕ 1). Among shared genera, Mexico leads also only in Crescentia (3 ✕ 1).

ASTERALES

MENYANTHACEAE ‣ Brazil, Mexico and Colombia has two spp. each. Colombia has a endemic species.