Revised orders: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Canellales, Magnoliales, Chloranthales, Austrobaileyales, Piperales, Acorales, Petrosaviales, Ceratophyllales, Tetrachondrales, Dilleniales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Crossossomatales, Picramniales, Huertales, Geraniales, Cornales, Berberidopsidales, Metteniusales, Icacinales, Garryales, Vahliales, Solanales, Bruniales, Aquifoliales, Paracryphiales, Desfontainiales, Dipsacales, and Escalloniales.
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km², making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 126,014,024 in., it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers.
VASCULAR PLANTS
By Vascular Plants of America (VPA, in February 04, 2023), Brazil has 34,784 spp. of vascular plants, Mexico has 23,516.
Mexico has 254 families in angiosperms, and Brazil has only 236.
Mexico has huge diversties against Brazil: conifers (4:9/86 ✕ 2:3/9), cycads (1:3/68 ✕ 1:1/7), Fagales (5:11/162 ✕ 0:0/0), succulent Crassulaceae (1/384 ✕ 0/0), Agave (221 ✕ 0), Euphorbia (246 ✕ 64) and Brassicaceae (43/214 ✕ 3/11).
Mexico has 162 spp. of Gymnosperms, almost twice as much as in all of South America (86).
BIG NUMBERS
Only 4 families exceed 1,000 sp. in Mexico (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae). In Brazil are eight. In Mexico only 5 genera exceed 200 spp. (Sedum, Salvia, Euphorbia, Tillandsia and Agave), the two first above 300 spp. In Brazil are 13 more than 200 spp., inc. 6 more than 300 spp.: three at 300-400 spp. (Piper, Mimosa, Croton), two at 400-500 spp. (Eugenia, Myrcia), one over 500 spp. (Miconia). In all 20 largest families in Mexico Brazil has more species except Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae and Boraginaceae.
4 unbrazilian orders occur in Mexico: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/3), Austrobayleiaceae (1:2/2) and Garryales (1:1/9). Brazil has only two unmexican orders: Cardiopteridales (2:2/10) and Escalloniales (1:1/9).
Compared diversities Brazil ✕ Mexico (respectively): Poaceae (1,300 ✕ 1,043), Fabaceae (2,818 ✕ 1,895), Orchidaceae (2,734 ✕ 1,276), Melastomataceae (1,454 ✕ 205), Myrtaceae (1,153 ✕ 128), Bromeliaceae (1,415 ✕ 448), Arecaceae (266 ✕ 98), Euphorbiaceae (997 ✕ 716) Ericaceae (95 ✕ 80), Cactaceae (258 ✕ 705), Asparagaceae (14 ✕ 455), Asteraceae (2,041 ✕ 3,065).
COMPARATION BRAZIL ✕ MEXICO IN FAMILIES
Mexico has 51 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (125/686 spp. overall).
29 occur in South America (95/598): Tovariaceae (1/1), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Actinidiaceae (1/21), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Tapisciaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/2), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Grossulariaceae (1/23), Juglandaceae (4/14), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Fagaceae (2/138), Betulaceae (4/6), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Cornaceae (1/4), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Frankeniaceae (1/5), Papaveraceae (10/44), Phrymaceae (7/48), Myricaceae (1/3), Montiaceae (5/27), Anacampserotaceae (1/1) and Namaceae (4/48).
22 do not (30/88): Balsaminaceae (1/1), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1) and Iteaceae (1/3) - large genera are Fouquiera, Calochortus and Forchhammeria.
Velloziaceae alone includes more species in Brazil than the 44 least representative families of the cluster in Mexico. 4 families correspond to 1/3 of the genera in this cluster in Mexico: Polemoniaceae, Papaveraceae, Phrymaceae and Hydrangeaceae.
Considering that Brazil has 9 genera of Rapateaceae and 8 of Humiriaceae, the most representative families in Mexico of this cluster above 9 genera (Polemoniaceae and Papaveraceae) include, together, 32 genera, around 1/4 of the total cluster.
Considering that Brazil has 39 spp. of Rapateaceae and 35 of Humiriaceae, the most representative families in Mexico of this cluster above 39 (Fagaceae, Polemoniaceae, Namaceae and Papaveraceae) include, together, 389 spp. around 59% of the total species in the cluster.
In contrast, only 34 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Strombosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Coulaceae, Olacaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae, Griseliniaceae.
21 Mexican unbrazilian families are monotypic in Mexico: Balsaminaceae, Tovariaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Coriariaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Tapisciaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Anacampserotaceae, Nyssaceae, Setchellanthaceae, Sarcobataceae, Simmondisiaceae, Guamatelaceae, Petenaeaceae, Plocospermataceae, Ticodendraceae, Datiscaceae, Paeoniaceae and Altingiaceae.
12 are monogeneric irradiations 2-22 spp.: Actinidiaceae, Grossulariaceae, Fouquieriaceae, Garryaceae, Cytinaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Cornaceae, Frankeniaceae, Myricaceae, Stegnospermataceae, Platanaceae and Iteaceae.
18 families has more one genus: Fagaceae (2/138), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Phrymaceae (7/48), Namaceae (4/46), Papaveraceae (10/44), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Montiaceae (5/27), Liliaceae (4/26), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Juglandaceae (4/14), Betulaceae (4/6), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Resedaceae (2/10), Saururaceae (2/2), Schisandraceae (2/2).
13 of Brazilian unmexican families are monotypic in Brazil: Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Coulaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Stemonuraceae and Griseliniaceae.
12 are monogeneric irradiations 2-20 spp.: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Thismiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Strombosiaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae.
9 families has more one genus: Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Aptandraceae and Olacaceae.
4. REPRESENTATIVE GENERA
Among representative-order genera absents in Brazil ('unbrazilian'), Mexico has Buxus (6), Canella (1), Cornus (4), Crossossoma (3), Cucurbita (16), Fagus (1), Malva (3), Garrya (9), Gentiana (15), Huertea (1), Lilium (3), Malpighia (25), Rosa (7) and Vitis (15). These genera together have 109 spp. in the country.
5. MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES
Comparing with Brazil, Mexico stands out in herbaceous Bignoniaceae, succulent Crassulaceae, diversity of Pinguicula, cushions (13, all in Caryophyllales), sea grasses, fungi symbiotics in Fagales, nectar spur plants, holoparasitics in Ehretiaceae, Cytinaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Ericaceae, and Orobanchaceae.
Mexico has six unbrazilian sea grasses: Vallisneria americana Michx., Thalassia testudinum Banks & Sol. ex K.D. Koenig, Halophila engelmannii Asch., Syringodium filiforme Kütz., Phyllospadix scouleri Hook., P. torreyi S. Watson, and Zostera marina L.
Mexico includes only 74 spp. of carnivorous plants in five genera: Drosera brevifolia Pursh, D. capillaris Poir., Catopsis berteroniana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Mez, Genlisea filiformis A. St.-Hil., Pinguincula (50) and Utricularia (20). In contrast, uniquely in Utricularia, Brazil has 78 spp.
In Parasitics non-Santalales, Mexico has Cuscuta (62 ✕ 22 BR), Cassytha (1 ✕ 1 BR), Krameria (9 ✕ 5 BR) and Pilostyles (3 ✕ 1 BR), all widely in Brazil. Rafflesiaceae and Cymonoriaceae are absents in New World. Lennoa, Mitrastemon and Bdalophytum occur only in Mexico. Prosopanche and Apodanthes only in Brazil. In Santalales, Mexico has three Ximenia (✕ 3 BR), (2/)2 spp. of Balanophoraceae (✕ 12 BR), four Schoepfia (✕ 3 BR), three Agonandra (✕ 5 BR), 52 Loranthaceae (✕ 129 BR) and 92 Santalaceae (✕ 68 BR).
Among Mexican monocot mycoheterotrophics, Corallorhiza (7) and Hexalectris (8), both Orchidaceae, does not occut in Brazil. Brazilian genera Campylosiphon, Hexapterella, Miersiella, Thismia, Peltophyllum, Sciaphila, Soridium, Platythelys, Uleiorchis, Pogoniopsis and Wullscglaegelia does not occur in Mexico. In Eudicots, Mexican Hypopitys (1), Pterospora (1), Pyrola (1) and Sarcodes (1) does not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Voyriella does not occur in Mexico.
Mexico includes the unique epiphytic Valeriana worldwide (PhytoKeys), also epiphytic Solanum (Systematic Botany), all six largest members of Ipomoea (Almanaque Z), the unique aphyllous members of Psittacanthus (lacks sources), and tallest members in New World of Euphorbia (Taxon) and Ericaceae (lacks sources), and in Neotropics in Apiaceae (Revista de Biologia Tropical), and the unique record of isophasic parasitism in Phoradendron (Acta Botanica Mexicana).
6. ENDEMIC GENERA
Mexican endemic genera in families without endemic genera in Brazil includes 17 families, namely Asparagaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Campanulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caricaceae, Crossossomataceae, Brassicaceae, Iteaceae, Loasaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Polemoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Setchellanthaceae and Zygophyllaceae (four, in bold, does not occur in Brazil; excludes, due to recent changes or over range, Cyperaceae, Papaveraceae and Verbenaceae); counterpart list includes 32 families, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Balanophoraceae, Bignoniaceae, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, Clusiaceae, Connaraceae, Convolvulaceae, Ehretiaceae, Humiriaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Linderniaceae, Lythraceae, Martyniaceae, Melastomataceae, Menispermaceae, Monimiaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Ochnaceae, Olacaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygalaceae, Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae, Trigoniaceae and Violaceae.
7. SPECIFIC GROUPS
Mexico has 162 spp. of Fagales in 11 genera at 5 families, 137 in Quercus, also in Fagus (1), Alfaroa (3), Carya (5), Juglans (5), Oreomunnea (1), Alnus (4), Carpinus (1), Ostrya (1), Morella (3), and Ticodendron (1).
Mexico has 86 conifers (3th diversity worldwide), 58 in Pinaceae (47 Pinus, 2 Picea, 9 Abies), 24 of Cupressaceae (one Calocedrus, 4 Hesperocyparis, 18 Juniperus, one Taxodium), one Taxaceae (Taxus) and 3 Podocarpaceae (all Podocarpus) - c. 6/7 pines, firs or junipers, 12 remaining in six genera at 4 families.
New World has 134 spp. of cycads (WCSPF) in Ceratozamia (36, 35 in Mexico, one of them up to Guatemala and Belize, and one endemic to Honduras, by Martínez-Domínguez, Phytotaxa, 2022), Dioon (18, 17 in Mexico and one endemic to Honduras), Microcycas (1, W. Cuba), Zamia (80, SE. U.S.A., Mexico to trop. America). Mexico has 68 spp. in three genera (a half of New World diversity), 63 endemics, the 2th diversity of cycads worldwide.
Mexico has 214 spp. of Brassicaceae in 43 genera.
Mexican Ranunculaceae: Aconitum (1), Anemone (3), Aquilegia (6), Clematis (15), Delphinium (20), Myosurus (2), Ranunculus (22), Thalictrum (28).
Remarkable plants in Mexico includes Mexipedium (Orchidaceae, SEE).
Mexico has only two species of Vochysiaceae and a single of Lecythidaceae (Eschweilera mexicana T. Wendt, S.A. Mori & Prance, endemic). Brazil has 163 and 120 spp. in these families, respectively.
Notes about Mexican palms: Pulido-Silva et al. (The Botanical Review, 2022).
Hechtiodeae lineage is one of eight subfamilies of Bromeliaceae with at least 84 species formally recognize in three genera, highly centered in Mexico: Bakerantha L.B. Sm. (5, highlands of center Mexico), Hechtia Klotzsch (76, Texas to Guatemala) and Mesoamerantha I. Ramírez & K. Romero (3, Guatemala to Nicaragua); for datails, see Rivera-Martínezet al. (Botanical Sciences, 2022).
COMPARATION FAMILY-BY-FAMILY, IN COMMON FAMILIES
8. COMPARATION FAMILY-BY-FAMILY, IN COMMON FAMILIES
MEXICO MORE GENERA AND ...
.. MEXICO MORE SPECIES (34)
Typhaceae, Ranunculaceae, Buxaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Surianaceae, Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Anacardiaceae, Geraniaceae, Onagraceae, Staphylleaceae, Cistaceae, Bixaceae, Mutingiaceae, Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Phytolacaceae, Achatocarpaceae, Cactaceae, Loasacaceae, Boraginaceae, Ehretiaceae, Oleaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Apiaceae.
.. EQUAL SPECIES
Cymodoceaceae, Caricaceae.
... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES
Cabombaceae, Hernandiaceae, Vitaceae, Celastraceae, Hypericaceae, Malvaceae (MX 78 ✕ 74 BR), Cleomaceae, Pentaphyllacaceae, Primulaceae, Ericaceae, Urticaceae, Acanthaceae, Schlegeliaceae, Gesneriaceae, Verbenaceae, Lentibulariaceae.
BRAZIL MORE GENERA AND ...
... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES (77)
Myristicaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, Piperaceae, Burmanniaceae, Araceae, Triuridaceae, Cyclanthaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, Haemodoraceae, Costaceae, Marantaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Cyperaceae, Menispermaceae, Proteaceae, Dilleniaceae, Connaraceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Clusiaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Ochnaceae, Podostemaceae, Trigoniaceae, Achariaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Lacistemaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Peraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Moraceae, Burseraceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Picramniaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Vochysiaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Thymelaeaceae, Capparaceae, Petiveriaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Symplocaceae, Styracaceae, Ximeniaceae, Erythropalaceae, Balanophoraceae, Loranthaceae, Metteniusaceae, Icacinaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Linderniaceae, Bignoniaceae, Araliaceae.
... EQUAL SPECIES
Schoepfiaceae.
... MEXICO MORE SPECIES
Commelinaceae, Sabiaceae, Haloragaceae, Linaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apodanthaceae, Santalaceae, Martyniaceae, Lamiaceae.
EQUAL GENERA AND...
... MEXICO MORE SPECIES
Magnoliaceae, Ruppiaceae, Juncaginaceae, Juncaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Berberidaceae, Gunneraceae, Krameriaceae, Elatinaceae, Picrodendraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Aizoaceae, Basellaceae, Talinaceae, Clethraceae, Heliotropiaceae, Calceolariaceae, Viburnaceae.
... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES
Nymphaeaceae, Chloranthaceae, Siparunaceae, Canellaceae, Winteraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Alismataceae, Dioscoreaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Smilacaceae, Pontederiaceae, Heliconiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae, Mayacaceae, Oxalidaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Begoniaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Droseraceae, Molluginaceae, Theaceae, Opiliaceae, Cordiaceae, Solanaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Aquifoliaceae.
... EQUAL SPECIES
Ceratophyllaceae, Putranjivaceae, Bataceae, Portulacaceae, Hydroleaceae, Cyrillaceae, Menyanthaceae.
NOTES FOR TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITIES
NOTES FOR TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITIES
Three unbrazilian orders occur in Colombia: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/10), and Desfontainiales (1:2/2). Brazil no has uncolombian orders. Colombia has 11 spp. of Fagales in 7 genera at 4 families, 5 in Morella, and Quercus, Trigonobalanus, Juglans, Alfaroa, Oreomunnea, and Alnus one sp. each.
Only 4 families exceed 1,000 spp. in Colombia (Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae); in Brazil are eight.
Colombian largest genera, via POWO (FEV 09, 2024, except Paepalanthus): Epidendrum (550), Miconia (546), Stelis (491), Anthurium (410), Piper (404), Lepanthes (341), Palicourea (299), Peperomia (270), Philodendron (237) and Pleutothallis (213).
In all 20 largest families in Colombia, Brazil has more species except Orchidaceae (4,189 ✕ 2,734), Araceae (861 ✕ 490), Piperaceae (683 ✕ 463), Gesneriaceae (376 ✕ 226), Ericaceae (282 ✕ 95), and Dryopteridaceae (290 ✕ 190).
Colombia has 27 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil, with (34/)93 spp. overall, 3/5 in Saurauia and Ribes:
Fagaceae (2/2), Betulaceae (1/1), Juglandaceae (3/3), Myricaceae (1/5), Collumeliaceae (2/2), Dipentodontaceae (1/7), Tapisciaceae (1/3), Polemoniaceae (2/3), Montiaceae (2/5), Actinidiaceae (1/34), Grossulariaceae (1/9), Dipterocarpaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/1), Hydrangeaceae (1/3), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Papaveraceae (1/2), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Hamamelidaceae (1/1), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Alzateaceae (1/1), Namaceae (1/1), Phrymaceae (2/2), Peltantheracae (1/1), Cornaceae (1/1), Tovariaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), and Tetrachondraceae (1/1).
In contrast, only 12 Brazilian families do not occur in Colombia: Hydnoraceae, Calyceraceae, Canellaceae, Quillajaceae, Nartherciaceae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Goodeniaceae, Hydrophyllaceae and Griseliniaceae.
Genera with a notable diversity advantage in Colombia over Brazil (except Orchidaceae, advantage in parenthesis) are Anthurium (223), Palicourea (133), Piper (120), Pentacalia (99), Peperomia (95), Columnea (92), Centropogon (85), Guzmania (80), Heliconia (72), Blakea (68), Cavendishia (67), Philodendron (67), Pitcairnia (61), Clusia (58), Lupinus (55), Oreopanax (54), Pilea (54), Sciodaphylum (49), Notopleura (46), Psammisia (46), Matisia (44), Besleria (37), Meriania (37), Magnolia (36), Puya (36), Siphiocampylus (33), Ardisia (32), Drymonia (30), Weinmannia (30), Festuca (29), Alchemilla (28), Bomarea (28), Stenostephanus (28), Berberis (27), Hypericum (27), Aiphanes (26), Freziera (26), Geissanthus (26), Aphelandra (25), Monnina (25), Xanthosoma (24), Gunnera (23), Calathea (22), Calceolaria (22), Critoniopsis (22), Disterigma (22), Stenospermation (21), Tropaeolum (21), Verbesina (21), Dendrophtora (20), Macrocarpaea (20).
Among representative-order genera absents in Brazil ('unbrazilian'), Colombia has Buxus (1), Cornus (1), Gentiana (1), Huertea (3), Malpighia (4), Metteniusa (7), and Vitis (2) - 19 spp. overall. Other remarkable unbrazilian genera native to Colombia includes Phaseolus, Tecoma, Morinda, Plumeria, and Cinchona.
Colombian endemic genera in families without endemic genera in Brazil includes only Dipterocarpaceae (Pseudomonotes) and Vochysiaceae (Mahechadendron).
Colombia also has 41 spp. of Brassicaceae in 11 native genera, a half in Draba.
Excluding Orchidaceae and the 28 unbrazilian families, Colombia includes 487 genera absents in Brazil (in 95 families), c. 3/5 of these in Asteraceae (97), Poaceae (29), Rubiaceae (28), Fabaceae (22), Gesneriaceae (19), Melastomataceae (18), Malvaceae (16), Apiaceae (13), Arecaceae (13), Solanaceae (11), and Ericaceae (10).
Excluding Orchidaceae and including 28 unbrazilian families, Colombia includes 522 genera absents in Brazil (in 123 families), mainly in Asteraceae (97), Poaceae (29), Rubiaceae (28), Fabaceae (22), Gesneriaceae (19), Melastomataceae (18), Malvaceae (16), Apiaceae (13), Arecaceae (13), Solanaceae (11), and Ericaceae (10).
Diference Colombia ‣ Brazil in Araceae (data of VPA): overall 371; less Anthurium: 140; now less Philodendron: 91; now less Xanthosoma: 67; now less Stenospermation: 46; now less Chlorospatha: 3.
Diference Colombia ‣ Brazil in Gesneriaceae (data of VPA): overall 150; less Columnea: 57; now less Besleria: 20; now less Drymonia: -10.
Diference Colombia ‣ Brazil in Orchidaceae (data of VPA): overall 1,455; less Lepanthes, Masdevallia, Dracula, Stelis and Pleurothallis, all in tribe Pleurothallidinae: 352; now less Epidendrum: -31.
INFRAFAMILIAR COLOMBIAN GROUPS ABSENTS IN BRAZIL
MAGNOLIIDS
ANNONACEAE ‣ all New World groups occur in Brazil except tribe Miliuseae (29/490-495); New World members composes Sapranthinae subtribe, with three genera, Desmopsis Saff., Sapranthus Seem. and Stenanona Standl., all from Mexico to Colombia, the first also in Cuba.
MONOCOTS
ARECACEAE ‣ 11 of the 15 South American tribes occur in Brazil; Colombian exceptions are tribe Sabaleae (Coryphoideae, 1/14) with Sabal Adans in Colombia and Venezuela; tribe Ceroxyleae (Ceroxyloideae, 4/34) with Ceroxylon Humb. & Bonpla. from Venezuela to Bolivia and Juan Fernandes in Chile; tribe Roystoneae (Arecoideae, 1/11) with Roystonea O.F.Cook in Colombia and Venezuela; and tribe Reinhardtieae (Arecoideae, 1/6) with Reinhardtia Liebm. in NW Colombia.
BROMELIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Glomeropitcairnieae in Tillandsioideae (1/2) in N Venezuela; and Greigia clade in Bromelioideae (4/41) from Mexico to Chile (continental and insular), Argentina and Venezuela.
CYPERACEAE ‣ all 14 South American tribes occur in Brazil except tribe Scirpeae (9/74) with (6/)21 spp. in continent, from Colombia to Chile and Argentina.
POACEAE ‣ despite the huge amount of genera in Pooideae and Chloridioideae does not occur in Brazil, all South American tribes and subfamilies in the family occur in Brazil except subf. Arundinoideae (11-13/35-37) with Phragmites australis (Nees) Döll in all coutries of New World except Brazil, Paraguay and some Caribbean Is., and tribe Brachypodieae (1/18) at Pooideae with Brachypodium mexicanum (Roem. & Schult.) Link from Colombia to Bolivia. Furthermore, 7 subtribes in Pooideae and 8 in Chloridioideae in Brazilian tribes occur in South America but non in Brazil.
BASAL ANGIOSPERMS
RANUNCULACEAE ‣ two subfamilies in South America, subf. Ranunculoideae in Brazil and subf. Thalictroideae (7-8/280-340) absent, with 7 spp. of Thalictrum All. from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina.
BUXACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Brazilin absent is Buxeae (1/101), which in South America occur only from Colombia, Venezuela and Suriname.
CRASSULACEAE ‣ two genera in South America, one in a each subfamily; Crassuloideae occur in Brazil, and subf. Sempervivoideae (18/970-1,000) has Sedum L. in continent, with 43 spp. from Venezuela to Argentina, mainly in Peru.
FABIDS
CELASTRACEAE ‣ nine lineages in South America, seven in Brazil, two absents, one in Colombia: tribe Stackhousioideae (18/89) with two spp. of Crossopetalum P. Browne from Venezuela to Peru.
MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ 13 lineages in South America, all in South America except Ectopopterys clade (1/1), restricted fro Colombia to Peru.
VIOLACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, subf. Violoideae occur in Brazil, and subf. Fusispermoideae (1/3) is absent, with two spp. of Fusispermum Hekking. from Colombia to Peru.
EUPHORBIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Aleuritidae (15/60), with Garcia nutans Vahl ex Rohr in Colombia.
FABACEAE ‣ 33 clades in South America, 31 tribes among three subfamilies and, and two small subfamilies; all Colombian occur in Brazil except Prioria clade (3/16) with Prioria copaifera Griseb. in NW Colombia; and Cladrastidoids clade (3/18) with Styphnolobium sporadicum in NW Colombia.
ROSACEAE ‣ 7 tribes occur in South America, 5 in Brazil; absents are tribe Spireeae (8/90-110), with Holodiscus argenteus (L.f.) Maxim. in Colombia, and tribe Pyrodeae (27/700-730), with two genera and 18 spp. from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile; among native Brazilian tribe Potentilleae, subtribe Potentiliinae (1/493) is absent in Brazil, with 4 spp. of Potentilla L. from Venezuela to Argentina.
MALVIDS
MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ 18 lineages, 17 tribes of subf. Melastomatoideae plus two genera from subf. Olisbeoideae occur in South America, only two are absents in Brazil, both in Colombian: tribe Astronieae (4/156) with 4 spp. of Tessmannianthus Markgr. in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; and tribe Cyphostyleae (4/20), fully exclusive from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Brazil has three tribes absents in Colombia.
ANACARDIACEAE ‣ six lineages (one small subfamily, two singled tribes in Anacardioideae, and three clades within tribe Anacardieae) occur in South America, all in Brazil except Clade 3 for Anacardieae (10/c. 100), with 16 spp. of Mauria Kunth in Venezuela to Bolivia.
SAPINDACEAE ‣ 11 lineages in South America (one small subfamily and 10 tribes within two remaining subfamilies), two Colombian absents in Brazil: subf. Hipocastonoideae (5/180-185), with one Billia Peyr. in Colombia; tribe Doratoxyleae (8/19) at Dodonaeoideae, with one Exothea Macfad in Colombia and Ecuador.
RUTACEAE ‣ Amyridoideae (3/42), Brazilian absent with Amyris P. Browne with 12 spp. occur from Venezuela to Peru and Guianas.
CLEOMACEAE ‣ six lineages in the New World, four in Brazil, Iltisella Clade (1/2) only in Mexico and Central America, and Andean Clade (4/39), from Mexico to Bolivia and Caribbean.
BRASSICACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Aethionomoideae (1/56) and Brassicoideae, the latter with 5 supertribes, all in New World, 4 in South America, and 57 tribes belongs in this family, 12 in South America, two in Brazil (tribes Cardamineae and Lepidieae), and seven in Colombia absent in Brazil:
▪ tribes Descuiraneae (6/c. 45, 12 spp. in three genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile), and Halimolobeae (6/39, 13 spp. in 4 genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile) at supertibe Camelinodae.
▪ Thelypodieae (28/260, 96 spp. within 14 genera in South America) and Brassiceae (c. 36/c. 275, with Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O.E. Schulz in Colombia and Venezuela) at supertibe Brassicodae.
▪ tribes Eudemeae (10/42-43, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile) and Cremolobeae (4/c.32, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile) at supertibe Heliophiloidae.
▪ supertibe Arabodeae (45/680-750), with 84 spp. in two genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.
MALVACEAE ‣ nine subfamilies, 8 in South America, all of them and your tribes occur in Brazil except subfamily Tilioideae (3/37), from temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, with Mortoniodendron Standl. & Steyerm (15) reaching to NW Colombia in South America.
BASAL ASTERIDS
NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ six lineages in South America (three small subfamilies and three tribes in subf. Nyctaginoideae), two of them absents in Brazil: subf. Boldoideae (3/3), with two spp. and genera from Colombia to Bolivia; and tribe Colignonieae (1/6) exclusive from Colombia to Argentina.
CACTACEAE ‣ 13 lineages at this family (3 small subfamilies and 10 tribes within Opuntioideae and Cactoideae), all in South America, 5 absents in Brazil, two in Colombia: tribe Tephrocacteae (7/57) at subf. Opuntioideae, restricted from Colombia to Argentina and Chile, at Cactoideae; and tribe Cacteae (32-35/405-425) with two spp. of Mamillaria Haworth in Colombia and Venezuela.
LOASACEAE ‣ three subfamilies, all in Brazil except Gronoviodeae (4/9) with Gronovia scandens L. from Venezuela and Peru.
TETRAMERISTACEAE ‣ a smaller family with two genera in South America, the monotypic Pentamerista Maguire at tribe Tetrameristeae in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, and Pelliciera Planch. & Triana at tribe Pelliciereae, with one sp. in mangroves from Ecuador and Colombia.
ERICACEAE ‣ 8 lineages (two small subfamilies and six tribes within two remaining subfamilies) occur in South America, three Braziian absents, one in Colombia: subf. Monotropoideae (14/55-60) with one Monotropa L.
LAMIIDS
SOLANACEAE ‣ family with several lineages with dubious nomenclatural position; 19 lineages in South America, 7 subfamily-equivalent plus 12 tribe-equivalent within subfamilies Cestroideae and Solanoideae, six absents in Brazil, only tribe Browallieae (1/17) in Colombia.
GENTIANACEAE ‣ six tribes in South America, only one absent in Brazil: tribe Gentianeae (17/940-970), with 218 spp. in South America in three genera, all in Colombia.
APOCYNACEAE ‣ all South American clades of Apocynaceae occur in South America except two, inc. monogeneric subtribes Pentacyphinae (5, Venezuela to Peru), present in Colombia.
RUBIACEAE ‣ 31 tribes in South America, only two absents in Brazil: tribe Rondeletieae (13/c. 210) with 13 spp. of Rondeletia L. from Venezuela to Peru; and tribe Anthospermeae (10/210-215), with 7 spp. in three genera from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina.
GESNERIACEAE ‣ two of the three South American subfamilies do not occur in Brazil; subf. Epithemateae (7/c. 80) has a single New World species, Rhynchoglossum azureum (Schltdl.) B.L. Burtt, from Mexico to Honduras, Costa Rica to Peru; all South American clades in Gesnerioideae occur in Brazil, except two, inc. subtribe Gesneriinae (4/c. 70), with two spp. of Rhytidophyllum Mart. in Colombia and Venezuela
PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ nine lineages (2 small subfamilies and 7 tribes within three remaining subfamilies) in South America, three absents in Brazil, all in Colombia: tribe Sibthorpieae (2/6) with two spp. of Sibthorpia L. from Venezuela to Argentina, these within subf. Plantaginoideae; tribe Russelioideae Jacq. within a unnamed Brazilian absent family, with R. sarmentosa Jacq. in Colombia; and subf. Antirrhinoideae (26/290-300) with 9 spp. along three genera from Venezuela to Argentina.
SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ four lineages in South America, all with a single genus in continent, one absent in Brazil: tribe Hemimeridae (5/c. 160), with Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav. (10) from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.
LAMIACEAE ‣ 12 subfamilies, seven in New World and in Brazil except except the Callicarpa Clade, composed exclusively by the genus Callicarpa L. with only C. acuminata Kunth in South America, up to Venezuela and Bolivia.
OROBANCHACEAE ‣ four tribes of this family occur in South America, Orobancheae (12/c. 180) and Rhinantheae (15/340-510) absents in Brazil, the former in Colombia with Neobartsia L.
BIGNONIACEAE ‣ six tribes occur in Bignoniaceae, three absents in Brazil, all in Colombia: Tourretieae (2/4, Mexico to Argentina), Tecomeae (11/72, North America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Mexico to Nicaragua, Peru to Chile and Argentina, with T. stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth up to Mexico) and Delostomeae (1/4, Venezuela to Peru).
CAMPANULIDS
APIACEAE ‣ all 5 major clades in South America occur in Brazil, the majority however with a minimal amount of representative genera; the large family groups from Colombia absent in Brazil is the subtribe-level Arracacia clade (15 genera, 8 from Venezuela to Bolivia, 41 spp. in continent).
INFRAGENERIC COLOMBIAN GROUPS ABSENTS IN BRAZIL
Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) ‣ by Waselkov et al. (Systematic Botany, 2018), four well defined clades, all in South America, not exactly concordant with the classical classification of the genus, only two in Brazil, ESA clade and Hybridus clade, three spp. each.
Anthurium (Araceae) ‣ 18 sections accepted here - Croat (Aroideana, 1983); Croat, T. B., Lingán, J. & Hayworth, D.(Rodriguésia, 2005); Temporini (Thesis, 2006); Carlsen & Croat (Annals of Mss. Bot. Garden, 2019); for an illustrated breakdown of the genus, see Croat (MOBOT, 2017).
Andiphilum - 25 spp., mainly Central America.
Belolonchium - 220 spp.
Calomystrium - 184 spp.
Cardiolonchium - 175 spp.
Chamaerepium - only one sp., A. radicans K. Koch, endemic to Brazil.
Dactylphyllium - 24 spp., tropical America.
Decurrentia - 45 spp., from Central America to N Brazil.
Digitinervium - 41 spp., Costa Rica to tropical Andes.
Gymnopodium - only one sp., A. gymnopus Griseb. from Cuba.
Leptanthurium - a single sp., A. gracile (Rudge) Schott, over tropical America.
Multinervia - 16 spp.
Pachyneurim - 156 spp. (inc. several species formerly placed in Urospadix section), birds’s nestings, over tropical America.
Polyneurium - tropical America.
Polyphyllium - two spp., A. flexile Schott and and A. clidemioides Standley, Mexico to Colombia.
Porphyrochitonium - 215 spp., a large group from Costa Rica to Ecuador, mainly in Colombia.
Semaeophyllium - 23 spp., Nicaragua to Peru (Carlsen & Croat, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2007).
Tetraspermuim - 35 spp., scandent hersb, over tropical America.
Urospadix - 60 spp., endemic to E Brazil.
Xialophyllium - 108 spp., tropical America.
Bauhinia (Fabaceae) ‣ Wunderlin et al. (Biolgiske Skrifter Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1987), with updates for Wunderlin (Phytoneuron, 2010), only subg. Bauhinia occur in New World, divided in section Bauhinia, Pauletia, Amaria, Alvesia, Micralvesia, Telestria, Pseudophanera, Afrobauhinia and Gigasiphon, only three firsts in New World. sect. Amaria (c. 15, N South America to Mexico) is fewer represented in Brazil.
Begonia (Begoniaceae) ‣ Brazil and Colombia has the same number of sections, both one after Peru and Ecuador.
Berberis (Berberidaceae) ‣ Colombia has 5 sections, Brazil only three.
Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) ‣ by Hofreiter (Systematic Botany, 2008), four subgenera belongs this genus: subg. Baccata (5, Panamá to N Colombia in South America), subg. Bomarea (80, all range of genus, including the single Brazilian species), subg. Wichuraea (18, high Andes) and subg. Sphaerine (12 spp., Venezuela to Bolivia).
Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) ‣ 24 sections within 3 subgenera by Molau (1988), but most of them are polyphyletic, and the division proves to be unsuitable - Andersson (Taxon, 2006).
Callandrinia (Montiaceae) ‣ two sections, sect. Calandrinia (8, W America, distributed along the American cordillera nearly from British Colombia to SW U.S.A. and NW Mexico, central Mexico to the Central Andes of N Argentina (except Panama), Buenos Aires Province in Argentina, throughout all but the southernmost, and one species possibly native to the Falkland Islands) and sect. Cespitosae (11, W South America, two species of the Central Andes, one extending to Central America and southern Mexico) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019).
Cattleya (Orchidaceae) ‣ 4 subgenera, subg. Cattleya (91) with three sections: sect. Cattleya (17, over South America), sect. Crispae (71, over South America) and sect. Lawrenceanae (3, N Brazil and Venezuela); subg. Cattleyella (1, S Pará to Tocantins state, in center Brazil), subg. Intermediae (21, over South America, mainly Brazil) and subg. Maximae (1, Venezuela to Peru) - Van Den Berg (Phytotaxa, 2014).
Chusquea (Poaceae) ‣ 5 genera, 6 sections and 5 groups, all from Brazil except four sections within subg. Chusquea (Longifoliae, Longiprophyllae, Serpentes and Verticillatae), C. culeou group in subg. Swallenochloa from southern Andes (0–2,000m), and subg. Platonia from Colombia to Ecuador - Fisher et al. (Systematic Botany, 2014).
Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) ‣ by O´Leary et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2020), three subgenera: subg. Purpuratum (1, endemic to Mexico), Citharexylum (sects. Citharexylum, Mexicanum, Pluriflorum) and subg. Sudamericanum (sects. Andinum, Caribe and Sylvaticum); three sections are exclusive from U.S.A to Nicaragua; one is exclusive to Caribbean; and remaining three in South America, one Brazilian absent: sect. Citharexylum (25-30) belongs subg. Citharexylum, mainly Mesoamerica, six extend into the Caribbean and N South America.
Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ genus with 8 sections, Calyptrosolen (20), mainly in Mexico and Central America but with a few species in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, unique South American absent in Brazil - Maya-Lastra & Steinmann (Taxon, 2018).
Cobaea (Polemoniaceae) ‣ 4 sections: sect. Cobaea is mainly Mexican, with one species occurring in the Andes; sect. Pachysepalae is restricted to southern Mexico and Guatemala; sect. Rosenbergia is widespread in the neotropics; and sec. Triovulatae is restricted to central Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama - Prater (Systematic Botany, 1999).
Croton (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 31 sections in the New World, 22 in South America, of which three are absent from Brazil, two in Colombia: Cupreati (1, Colombia and Ecuador) and Drepanii (6, only C. costatus (weed) in South America, on the coast of Colombia and Venezuela).
Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) ‣ 12 sections, 8 only in North America/Mexico (29), two from Asia/North America (18 in North America and 10 in Asia), and three also in South America: sect. Sinopitheca (4, Asia and E. bridgesii (Benth.) G.L. Nesom in Chile and Argentina), sect. Mimulosma (18, E. stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L. Nesom from Russia, 17 spp. from U.S.A. and Mexico, E. moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Chile) and sect. Simiola (38, restricted from North America and Mexico, nine in Chile (4 of then reaching into Argentina, 1 into Bolivia) and adjacent southern coast of Peru, and one, E. glabrata (Kunth) G.L. Nesom, in U.S.A., Mexico, and disjunct in Colombia) - Barker, Nesom, Beardsley & Fraga (Phytoneuron, 2012).
Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ a large and high morphological diverse genus with 4 subgenera and 64 sections, only 18 in New World, 10 in Brazil. Two colombian sections are absents in Brazil: sects. Crepidaria from Caribbean Basin; sect. Euphorbiastrum occur in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru to S Mexico and Caribbean.
Fuchsia (Onagraceae) ‣ 9 sections, two Colombian absents in Brazil: sect. Fuchsia (61, tropical Andes, Hispaniola) and sect. Hemsleyella (14, tropical Andes).
Gunnera (Gunneraceae) ‣ sect. Misandra (2, Andean region) occur in Colombia and is absent in Brazil.
Heliotropium (Heliotropiaceae) ‣ 4 clades, three in South America, with Cochranea clade (17), a single section, from Andes of Colombia to Chile, the unique clade in Colombia absent in Brazil.
Herrania (Malvaceae) ‣ two sections: sect. Herrania (3, Panamá, Colombia and Venezuela) and sect. Subcymbicalyx (14, over range of genus) - C. R. S. Silva and A. Figueira (Plant Syst. Evol., 2004).
Juglans (Juglandaceae) ‣ 4 sections, sect. Trachycaryon monotypic endemic to E North America, sect. Juglans with J. regia L. from Europe to China and the Himalayas and J. sigillata Dode endemic to China, sect. Cardiocaryon with three spp. from China, Japan and Korea; and sect. Rhysocaryon (16), the black walnuts, endemic to the New World and includes nine North American, three Central American and all four South American taxa - Mallikarjuna (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2006).
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) ‣ sect. Talauma has 4 subsections: subsect. Chocotalauma (6, three in Colombia and three in Ecuador), subsect. Cubenses (10, Caribbean), subsect. Dugandiodendron (22, E Venezuelan and Andes from Colombia to Peru) and subsect. Talauma (Mexico to the south of Brazil, including the other 35 spp. on the continent, four of then in Brazil).
Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 19 sections, 14 in Brazil, only one in Colombia absent in Brazil: sect. Carthaginensis (2) from N Venezuela to N Colombia.
Meriania (Melastomataceae) ‣ five sections: Eumerianie, Umbellata, Pachymeriae, Davya and Adelbertia, the two lasts in Brazil - Chiavegatto & Baumgratz (Systematic Botany, 2015).
Montia (Montiaceae) ‣ three sections, sect. Montia (6, including the widespread M. fontana L. and two species from NW South America), sect. Australiensis (9, 8 in Australia/New Zealand and one in NW North America and SW Canada) and sect. Montiastrum (4, NW North America and NE Asia) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019).
Nicotiana (Solanaceae) ‣ Colombian sections absents in Brazil: Noctiflorae and Rusticae.
Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) ‣ six subgenera, with a odd in South America: N. ampla (Salisb.) DC., from Brachyceras subgenus.
Passiflora (Passifloraceae) ‣ Colombian subdivisions absents in Brazil only sect. Astrophea (Colombia to Peru, giants Passiflora) in subg. Astrophea; sect Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) in subg. Decaloba; sect. Tryphostemmatoides (4, Nicaragua to Ecuador) in subg. Deidamioides; and supersect. Tacsonia in subg. Passiflora (62-64 spp., Andes).
Pavonia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 subgenera, 15 sections and 9 subsections emerges of this genus, all South American in Brazil except sect. Albae in subg. Asterochlamys (3, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) and sect. Diathericae in subg. Typhalea (1, endemic to mangroves in Pacific coast of Colombia).
Peperomia (Piperaceae) ‣ modern analyzes (Wanke, Plant. Biol., 2006) indicate a arrangement with 8 distinct lineages; by the species analyzed in the work, Brazilian members are confirmed for all clades except clade A.
Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) ‣ only a single lineage in South America absent in Brazil: sect. Oxalistylis monotypic from Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela.
Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) ‣ three subgenera, two in South America, subg. Isoloba (19, four sections, only sect. Ampullipalatum in South America with 9 spp. all restricteds from continent, 4 from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and 5 in Argentina and Chile), subg. Pinguincula (25-30, northern hemisphere, absent in continent) and subg. Temnoceras (63-73, four sections, only one in South America, sect. Heterophylliformis, a monotypic section, with P. elongata Benj. from Andes of Colombia and Venezuela) - Fleischmann (Carnivorous Plant Newletter, 2021).
Piper (Piperaceae) ‣ three main lineages: Neotropical, Asian, and South Pacific; these main lineages comprise ten major clades; Neotropical lineage can be subdivided in to eight clades, all occur in Brazil except clade Piper cinereum/P. aurita clade, with two spp., from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana.
Poa (Poaceae) ‣ joined data from Soreng et al (Aarhus, 2010) and Poa in Flora of China (SEE), five subgenera belongs this genus, Ochlopoa, Pseudopoa, Poa, Stenopoa and Sylvestres; in New World occur the following taxa: subg. Poa sects Macropoa, Homalopoa and Poa, subg. Ochlopoa sects Alpinae and Parodiochloa, subg. Stenopoa sects Pandemos, Secundae and Stenopoa, and subg. Sylvestres. Sections absents in South America: Pseudopoa (5, NE Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe) and Sylvestres (endemic to North America) - Giussani et al. (Annals of Botany, 2016).
Quercus (Fagaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Quercus and Cerris, only the first in New World) and eight sections; South American member Q. humboldtii Bonpl. belongs subg. Quercus section Lobatae, a high clade with 120 spp. exclusively from New World - Denk et al (Tree Physiology, 2007).
Sanicula (Apiaceae) ‣ with data of Kronister (Thesis, 2013) and Vargas et al. (Systematic Botany, 1999), 4 sections make up this genus: sect. Pseudopetagnia (6, Asia), sect. Sanicoria (18, W North America, 3 in Hawaii), sect. Sanicula (13, cosmopolitan, only one in Asia, includind the three South American spp.) and sect. Tuberculatae (3, China, Korea and Japan).
Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) ‣ there is no global genus review; by Soejarto (Fieldiana, 1980), for South America, there are 7 sections, all exclusives from continent, with largest numbers in Colombia (6, Omichlophilea endemic) and Peru (5, Gynotrichae endemic).
Sedum (Crassulaceae) ‣ a chaotic genus with two major groups, Leucosedum clade (200, Sedeae p.p., inc. Pistorinia, Rosularia, Prometheum, Afrovivella, Sedella, Dudleya, Sedum p.p.) and Acre clade (550, Sedeae p.p., Cremnophila, Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Lenophyllum, Pachyphytum, Thompsonella, Villadia, Sedum p.p.) - Messerschmid & al. (Taxon, 2020).
Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) ‣ Colombian sections absents in Brazil: sect. Echthronema (7, W North to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia), sect. Hydastylus (6, North America, Central America, W South America and Hawaii) and sect. Segetia (6, W South America).
Stelis (Orchidaceae) ‣ Karremans (Lankesteriana, 2019) - recognizes ten subgenera in this genus, 6 in Brazil and 4 absents, all in Colombia: Physosiphon (6, Mexico to Bolivia), Condylago (2, Panamá and Colombia), Uncifera (42, Mexico to Bolivia) and Dracontia (40, Mexico to Andes).
Viola (Vioaceae) ‣ 664 species accepted into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections; subg. Neoandinium has 139 spp. in 11 sections, 7 only from Argentina and Chile, sect. Inconspicuiflos (8) is endemic to Peru, and three remainig widely in W South America; subg. Viola has 20 sections, of which 7 occur in South America: sect. Chilenium (2, Colombia to Patagonia), sect. Leptidium (18, Mexico to Bolivia, Lesser Antilles, SE Brazil), sect. Nosphinium subsect. Mexicanae (10, Mexico to Ecuador), sect. Rubellium (3, endemic to C Chile), sect. Tridens (1, Chile and Argentina), sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae (51, north-temperate, except for V. huidobrii Gay in Argentina and Chile, and one in New Guinea), sect. Xanthidium (2, Peru to N Argentina) - Marcussen et al. (Plants, 2022).
Voyria (Gentianaceae) ‣ this genus has two well distinct subgenera: subg. Voyria (only V. caerulea Aubl. in Brazil) and subg. Leiphaimos (all remaining species in country), by Gomes et al. (Taxon, 2022).
BY GROUP
In orange, exxogenera without a true equivalent in Brazil, in same taxonomic group, similar size end same level of endemism.
BRYOPHYTA
Colombia has an advantage in the two largest groups: Marchantiophyta (703 ✕ 698) and Bryophyta (932 ✕ 896). In addition, Colombia has 2 more genera of Marchantiophyta. However, the advantage is Brazilian in all other comparisons.
FERNS ET ALIES
LYCOPHYTES
In Lycopodiales, largest diversities in New World are Colombia (8/94, 75 only in Phlegmariurus), Brazil (9/62), U.S.A. (8/23, c. 1/3 in Huperzia) and Mexico (6/23, 17 in Phlegmariurus). Brazil leads Colombia in all colombian genera except tied status in Lycopodiella (4 ✕ 4), Austrolycopodium (1 ✕ 1), Diphasium (1 ✕ 1), Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1), and lose in Palhinhaea (8 ✕ 6) and Phlegmariurus (75 ✕ 39), by Almanaque Z (SEE).
In Selaginellales, U.S.A includes 7 genera (one endemic; Lepidoselaginella, Valdespinoa and Selaginoides absents in Brazil), Mexico six (Didiclis and Lepidoselaginella absents in Brazil), Colombia six (Didiclis absent in Brazil) and Brazil includes only five (Gymnogynum, Bryodesma, Megaloselaginella, Pulviniella and Selaginella). Largest diversities: Colombia (7/97), U.S.A. (6/36), Mexico (6/80) and Brazil (6/81). Brazil and Colombia tied in Bryodesma, Megalosellaginella and Pulviniella. Brazil lose for Colombia in Gymnogynum (24 ✕ 16) and Selaginella (67 ✕ 60), by Almanaque Z (SEE).
MONILOPHYTES
Colombia has an advantage in Equisetaceae (3 ✕ 1, two Equisetum), Ophioglossaceae (6 ✕ 5, one Botrychium), Psilotaceae (2 ✕ 1, Psilotum coplanatum), Marattiaceae (23 ✕ 16), Hymenophyllaceae (126 ✕ 92), Gleicheniaceae (30 ✕ 16), Cyatheaceae (130 ✕ 59), Aspleniaceae (293 ✕ 253), Dennstaedtiaceae (40 ✕ 25), and Polypodiaceae (592 ✕ 400). Overall, Colombia has 1,428 species compared to 1,206 in Brazil. Excluding Polypodiaceae, advantage of Colombia drops from 222 to 30.
GYMNOSPERMS
Advantage of Colombia in Zamia (▴19, ▴17 endemics), and two genera of Podocarpaceae: Pectinipitys (with P. harmsiana) and Prumnopitys (with P. montana).
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MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES
38 notes about 161 Colombian plants (61 only for cushions or Calceolaria).
Pelliciera Triana & Planch. (Tetrameristaceae, Honduras to Colombia and Ecuador) is one strong remarkable high-lineage of mangroves absent in Brazil.
■ Colombia includes achlorophyllous in five unbrazilian genera and four high-achlorophyllous lineages: Corynaea, Monotropa, Bdallophytum, Lennoa and Mitrastemon.
■ two high-lineages in sea grasses (Thalassia testudinum Banks & Sol. ex K.D.Koenig and Syringodium filiforme Kütz) occur in Colombia, but non in Brazil.
■ Colombia includes two mycorrhizous-formation lineages absents in Brazil: Fagaceae (in Quercus humboldtiana Bonpl.) and Dipterocrpaceae (Pseudomonotes tropenbosii Lodoño, Alvarez & Morton.).
■ six unbrazilian myrmecophyte lineages occur in Colombia: Myrmecophila (2), Allomaitea (1), Blakea (4), Henriettea (1), Hoffmania (1), Besleria (1).
■ Ceroxylon quindiuense (Karst.) H.Wendl. (Colombia, Peru) is the tallest monocot worldwide.
■ three Tessmannianthus (Melastomataceae) grows more than 20m, one of them endemic to Colombia.
■ Aosa grandis (Standl.) R.H.Acuña & Weigend (Panama to Colombia) is the largest member of Loasaceae.
■ Aristolochia arborea Linden (Mexico to Colombia) is the most arborescent species of this genus (Angios Bergianska).
■ Begonia parviflora Poepp. & Endl. (Costa Rica to Bolivia, excludes Venezuela) is possibly the largest Begoniaceae in New World.
■ from nine Passiflora species with tree habit, eight are Colombian, including the six largests, and 4 endemics. None in Brazil.
■ annual herbs at Bignoniaceae does not occur in Brazil, but occur in Ecrremocarpus and Tourretia in Colombia.
■ two high-epiphytes lineages (Cochliostemma, Burmannia) occur in Colombia but non in Brazil.
■ Colombia includes Oxalis lotoides Kunth and O. medicaginea Kunth, the two unique lianoid Oxalis, both absents in Brazil.
■ among Brassicaceae, only three genera includes lianas, one in South Amrica, Cremobolus, with one sp. in Colombia, absent in Brazil.
■ Colombia includes (13:20/)38 spp. of true cushions.
■ succulent Crassulaceae in South America occur only in Sedum L., with 3 spp. in Colombia and none in Brazil.
■ xylopodia occur in Morella L. (Myricaceae), a unbrazilian Colombian genus.
■ Alloneuron from Colombia (3) and Peru has the unique Neotropical Melastomataceae with semicraspedodromic venation.
■ Chusquea spectabilis L.G.Clark (Poaceae, Venezuela to Ecuador) has the largest leaf on all grasses worldwide.
■ Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast. from Colombia and Ecuador has largest leaves in entire Passifloraceae, ranging up to 1m long (Hilgenhof, Sibbaldia, 2012).
■ Colombia includes the species with the largest leaves in their genera/families: Grias purpuripetala S.A. Mori & J. D. García-Gonz. (150-200 cm ✕ 42-75 cm, Lecythidaceae), Schlegelia dressleri A. Gentry (Schlegeliaceae), Guarea cartaguenya Cuatrec (Meliaceae), Iryanthera megistophylla A. C. Smith (Myristicaceae), Ilex sp. nov. (leaves 15-25 x ca. 10 cm, Aquifoliaceae), Protium amplum Cuatr. (Burseraceae), Macrolobium archeri Cowan (Fabaceae, also in Ecuador) and Psittacanthus gigas Kuijt (Loranthaceae, leaves 50-100 cm long).
■ Passiflora antioquiensis H.Kart., endemic to Colombia, has possibly the largest flowers of Passifloraceae.
■ cauliflorous Bignoniaceae in Crescentieae includes members of Amphitecna and Parmentiera, both Brazilian absents and with 4 spp. in Colombia.
■ Colombia has two high-epiphyllous unbrazilian lineages (Phylonoma ruscifolia Willd. ex Schultes. and Erythrochiton hypophyllanthus Planch. & Linden).
■ dioecious Melastomataceae occur only in Miconia, none in Brazil, 4 in Colombia.
■four genera (and family) lineages of spur-nectar plants are unbrazilian Colombian natives: Halenia Borkh. (12), Euphorbia tithymalodes L., Pinguincula L. (2) and Nuttalanthus subandinus (Diels) D.A.Sutton.
■ Calceolaria (23 spp. in Colombia) is the highest oil producer genus of angiosperms (only one sp. in Brazil).
■ high-merositier Tacarcuna amanoifolia Huft. from Colombia and Peru has the largest merosity in Phyllanthaceae.
■ the rare simple umbrella in Apiaceae includes Oreomyrrhis andicola (Kunth) Endl. ex Hook. f. (Costa Rica to Argentina).
■ in South America, only Xanthosoma (Araceae) has pollen in tetrads and monads; monads species occur only from Venezuela to Peru (two in Colombia, one endemic).
■ Attalea cutrecasana (Dugand) A.J.Hend., Galeano & R.Bernal, endemic to Colombia, has the third largest fruits among all Arecaceae.
■ Saccoglottis ovicarpa Cuatr. (Panama and Colombia) has the largest fruit of all Humiriaceae.
■ two species, one Compsoneura and one Iryanthera, both from Choco region in Colombia, has the largest fruits in their genera.
■ Zanthoxylum magnifructum Reynel (Colombia) has the largest fruits of any species in the genus in the New World (Reynel, Novon, 2020).
■ Chionanthus megistocarpus (Oleaceae, Colombia) has largest fruits for this genus in the Neotropics (4.5–5 cm long; Fernández-Alonso, Phytotaxa, 2016).
Solanum sibundoyense (Bohs) Bohs (Solanaceae, Colombia) produces some of the largest fruits known in Cyphomandra clade (10cm ✕ 7cm, Bohs, Systematic Botany, 1988).
Bignonia magnifica W.Bull (Bignoniaceae, Panama to N Venezuela and Ecuador) is the longest Lamiid plastome described to date (Fonseca et al., PeerJ, 2022).
AMBORELLALES
Order absent in New World.
NYMPHAEALES
CABOMBACEAE ‣ Brasenia in Mexico and Colombia, absent in Brazil.
NYMPHAEACEAE ‣ Nuphar (N. advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton, SE Canada to E Mexico, Cuba) and Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea in Mexico. Mexico includes six spp. of Nymphaea absent in Brazil, in subgenus Brachyceras (N. ampla, N. elegans, N. gracilis), subgenus Hydrocallis (N. novogranatensis), and subgenus Nymphaea (N. mexicana, N. odorata).
All Colombian Nymphaeaceae occur in Brazil except N. ampla (subg. Brachyceras) and N. novogranatensis (subg. Hydrocallis).
AUSTROBAILEYALES
Three genera worldwide, llicium (40, E Himalaya to Japan and Malesia, SE U.S.A. to E & Central Mexico, Cuba to Hispaniola), Kadsura (17, S China to temperate E Asia and tropical Asia), and Schisandra (26, Himalaya to Russian Far East and Indo-China, Jawa to Lesser Sunda Islands, SE U.S.A. to N & E Mexico). 8 spp. in New World: 3 in Cuba (Illicium), two only in Hispaniola (Illicium), two from SE U.S.A. to C Mexico (Illicium and Schisandra one each), and one from Florida and Dominican Republic (Illicium).
CANELLALES
CANELLACEAE ‣ family absent from Colombia and present in Mexico only by Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn., common throughout the Caribbean Basin.
WINTERACEAE ‣ both Colombia and Mexico have the same single species: Drymis granadensis L.f. (Mexico through to Peru and Venezuela). Brazil has 3 spp., onde endemic.
MAGNOLIALES
MYRISTICACEAE ‣ Brazil suplants Mexico in all genera. Colombia suplants Brazil in Otoba (10 ✕ 2) and Compsoneura (13 ✕ 5).
MAGNOLIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 39 spp. of Magnolia in all three subgenera in New World, and Colombia has 40 spp.
SECTION MAGNOLIA
30 spp., usually at middle elevations in the mountains of Mexico and America Central and only two species of the SE U.S.A., one of them also occurring in Cuba.
SECTION MACROPHYLLA
Six species, three in the tropics of Mexico and three in temperate areas of the SE U.S.A. and NE Mexico.
SECTION TALAUMA
SUBSECTION TALAUMA — 103 spp. from 20° N in W and E Mexico and the Caribbean to 24º S beyond the Tropic of Capricorn in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, 45 in South America.
SUBSECTION CUBENSIS — 10 spp., Caribbean mountains.
SUBSECTION CHOCOTALAUMA — 3 spp. in Ecuador and 3 in Colombia.
SUBSECTION DUGANDIODENDRON — 23, Andes from Colombia to Peru (1), and the Guiana Shield in Venezuela.
ANNONACEAE ‣ Mexico has the unbrazilian Tridimeris (10, endemic), Desmopsis (21), and Sapranthus (5), and suplants Brazil in Cymbopetalum (8 ✕ 6). Colombia has the unbrazilian Desmopsis (5) and Sapranthus (1), and suplants Brazil in Froesiodendron (2 ✕ 1), Cremastosperma (13 ✕ 4), Mosannona (3 ✕ 2), Pseudomalmea (2 ✕ 1), and Unonopsis (18 ✕ 16).
LAURALES
LAURACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Litsea and Umbellaria.
HERNANDIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Gyrocarpus (3) and more Hernandia.
CHLORANTHALES
CHLORANTHACEAE ‣ Colombia wins Brazil (20 ✕ 3). Only one sp. in Mexico.
PIPERALES
PIPERACEAE ‣ Brazil wins Mexico in all genera. Colombia wins Brazil in Piper (425 ✕ 308) and Peperomia (267 ✕ 184). Only one relevant Piper clade in the New World does not occur in Brazil, the Piper cinereum/P. auritum clade (2), from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana.
SAURURACEAE ‣ two species in New World, coth from U.S.A. to Mexico: Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn. and Saururus cernuus L., the latter also in Canada.
ALISMATALES
HYDROCHARITACEAE ‣ Thalassia and Vallisneria in Mexico.
CYMODOCEACEAE ‣ Syringodium in Mexico.
ZOSTERACEAE (2/3, Phyllospadix scouleri Hook., P. torreyi S. Watson, Zostera marina L.).
ACORALES
Order absent in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia, present in New World.
PETROSAVIALES
Order absent in New World.
LILIALES
MELANTHIACEAE (4/36).
LILIACEAE (4/27).
ASPARAGALES
ORCHIDACEAE ‣ not analyzed.
IRIDACEAE ‣ Mexico has Iris (only I. missourensis), Nemastylis, Orthrosanthus and Tigridia.
AMARYLLIDACEAE ‣ Mexico has Allium (27).
ASPARAGACEAE (38/470) ‣ data from POWO (21.08.23).
Agavoideae (8/288) - Agave (221), Beschorneria (8), Furcraea (15), Hesperaloe (7), Hesperocallis (1), Hesperoyucca (1), Hooveria (1), Yucca (34).
Anthericoideae (1/70) - Echeandia (70).
Asparagaceae (1/5) - Hemiphylacus (5).
Ruscaceae (6/75) - Beaucarnea (12), Dasylirion (23), Dracaena (1), Maianthemum (11), Nolina (27), Polygnonatum (1).
Themidaceae (12/32) - Bessera (3), Bloomeria (2), Brodiaea (3), Dandya (1), Dipterostemon (1), Jaimehintonia (1), Milla (10), Muilla (1), Petronymphe (2), Triteleia (2), Triteleiopsis (1), Xochiquetzallia (5).
POALES
TYPHACEAE ‣ Mexico has Sparganium.
BROMELIACEAE ‣ 450 spp., 4/5 in Tillandsia, Pitcairnia or Hechtia. Unbrazilian: Bakerantha, Hechtia (Hechtioideae), Pseudoalcantarea, Viridantha (Tillandsioideae), Androlepis, Greigia, Ursulaea (Bromelioideae).
CYPERACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Scirpus, Scirpoides (ex Karinia, SEE), Amphiscirpus.
POACEAE ‣ Puellioidea no occur in New World. Mexico leads in generic and specific diversity in Pooideae, Arundionoideae and Chloridiodeae. 148 genera in country, only 22 outside South America, 4 endemics: Olmeca, Metcalfia, Hopia and Sohnsia.
ANOMOCHLOIDEAE - (1/)2 spp. in Mexico, (2/4) in Brazil.
PHAROIDEAE - (1/)4 spp. in Mexico, also 4 in Brazil.
ORYZOIDEAE - (5/)12 spp.; Mexico has one more Leersia.
BAMBUSOIDEAE - (11/)59 spp. in Mexico. All genera occur in Brazil except two in Guiaduinae, Otatea and Olmeca (5, endemic); Brazil leads in all common genera except Rhipidocladum.
POOIDEAE - Mexico has (33/)211 spp.; all genera occur in South America except Hesperostipa, Achnatherum, Metcalfia, Pseudoroegneria, Sphenopholis and Limnodea; largest diversities: Festuca (33), Agrostis (20), Bromus (20), Poa (17), Trisetum (13), Achnantherum (18), Calamagrostis (11).
ARISTIDOIDEAE - (1/)31 spp. in Mexico, (1/)37 in Brazil.
PANICOIDEAE - (58/)424 spp. in Mexico; largest diversities: Paspalum (90), Panicum (37), Digitaria (24), Setaria (23), Dichanthelium (17), Andropogon (14), Cenchrus (17), Urochloa (13), Lasiascis (13), Tripsacum (12). Only 4 genera does not occur in South America: Chasmanthium, Aakia, Hopia and Zea.
ARUNDINOIDEAE - Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. in Mexico.
MICRAIROIDEAE - a single New World genus, 3 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Brazil.
DANTHONIOIDEAE - (1/)3 spp. in Mexico, (2/)8 spp. in Brazil.
CHLORIDOIDEAE - (35/)314 spp.; largests are Muhlenbergia (131), Bouteloua (53), Sporobolus (34), Eragrostis (32), Hilaria (10), Leptochloa (10). All genera occur in South America except Allolepis, Hilaria, Kalinia, Sohnsia, Orcuttia, Tuctoria, Tetrapogon, Dinebra, Dasyochloa, Tridentopsis and Triplasis.
COMMELINALES
COMMELINACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Gibasodes, Matudanthus, Thyrsanthemum and Waldenia.
ZINGIBERALES
MARANTACEAE ‣ Mexico has Pleiostachya.
CERATOPHYLLALES
Brazil, Colombia and Mexico has the same species in this order.
RANUNCULALES
PAPAVERACEAE (10/44).
MENISPERMACEAE ‣ Mexico has Cocculus and Menispermus.
RANUNCULACEAE ‣ Mexico has Aconitum, Aquileja, Delphinium, Myosurus, Thalictrum and Trautvetteria.
PROTEALES
NELUMBONACEAE (1/1).
PLATANACEAE (1/5).
TROCHODENDRALES
Order absent in New World.
BUXALES
BUXACEAE ‣ Mexico has Buxus and Sarcococca.
DILLENIALES
All New World genera occur in Brazil. Among all New World genera, Brazil has the greatest diversity, except for Neodillenia, in which Colombia holds higher diversity (2 ✕ 1).
SAXIFRAGALES
PAEONIACEAE ‣ a monogeneric family with 36 spp. worldwide, two in New World, Paeonia brownii from W U.S.A. and P. californica from S California to Baja California in NW Mexico.
ALTINGIACEAE ‣ a monogeneric family with 15 spp. worldwide, only one in New World, Liquidambar styraciflua L., from C & E U.S.A. to Nicaragua.
ITEACEAE ‣ two genera worldwide, Pterostemon (3, endemic to Mexico) and Itea (21, 20 in Uganda to S Africa and Asia, and one in C & E U.S.A.).
HAMAMELIDACEAE ‣ only 4 genera and 12 spp. in New World, in Fothergilla (4, SE U.S.A.), Hamamelis (3 in New World, all E U.S.A., one extending to Canada and E Mexico), Matudaea (2, one from Mexico to Panama, one in Colombia) and Molinadendron (3, one in Mexico and two in America Central). (3/)3 spp. in Mexico (1 endemic) and a single in Colombia, endemic.
CRASSULACEAE ‣ Mexico and Colombia has wins in Crassula: (7 ✕ 1) and (2 ✕ 1), respectively. Sedum has a explosive diversity in Mexico (442, 395 endemic), but only two in Colombia (S. bicolor Kunth, up to Venezuela, and S. quitense Kunth up to Venezuela and Peru), and absent in Brazil. Only other four Crassulaceae occur in New World, in Hylotelephium (26, 25 in Old World, one in Canada and U.S.A.) and Rhodiola (74, northern Hemisphere, 3 in North America in Canada and U.S.A.), both absent in Mexico.
Leucosedum clade ‣ 209-218 spp., including Chaloupkaea (8, Caucasus, Turkey, Iraq), Pistorinia (4, W Mediterranean), Rosularia (23, Helas to China), Prometheum (3, Helas to Iran), Afrovivella (1, Ethiopia), Dudleya (50, NW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), and Sedum p.p. (ca. 120).
Acre clade ‣ 643-652 spp., including Chazaroa (3, Mexico, off Echeveria), Jeronimoa (1, Mexico, off Pachyphytum), Quetzalcoatlia (6, Mexico, off Graptopetalum), Cremnophila (3, Mexico), Echeveria (201, Texas to Argentina), Graptopetalum (15, Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico), Lenophyllum (7, Texas to NE Mexico), Pachyphytum (25, Mexico), Thompsonella (8, Mexico), Villadia (29, Texas to Guatemala, Peru), and Sedum p.p. (ca. 345) - including all 45 spp. of in South America, from Venezuela to N Argentina, mainly in Peru (34, 31 endemic).
HALORAGACEAE ‣ Brazil wins Colombia full. Mexico wins Brazil in Myriophyllum (5 ✕ 4).
GROSSULARIACEAE ‣ monogeneric family absent in Brazil, present in Mexico (26) and Colombia (9).
SAXIFRAGACEAE ‣ 20 spp. in Mexico, mainly in NW region (Baja California, Sonora and Sinaloa), Micranthes up to northern region (Chihuahua and Coahuila), and Heuchera up to C Mexico. Absent in Colombia and Brazil.
BOYKINIEAE
Three species in Mexico, Boykinia rotundifolia (SW California to Baja California), Jepsonia malvifolia (Channel Is. in California and Guadalupe Is. in Mexico), and J. parryi (California to Baja California Norte). Boykinia (7) also occur in U.S.A. and Canada, and Jepsonia (3) also occur in California.
MICRANTHEAE
Mexico includes 3 spp. (1 endemic), in Micranthes (86, Artic to Mexico, Mediterranean, Pakistan, Burma and Japan).
HEUCHEREAE
Mexico includes 11 spp. (7 endemic) in Heuchera (46 worldwide, North America to E Russia) and 3 in Lithophragma (10, SW Canada to NW Mexico).
VITALES
VITACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis as unbrazilian genera. Brazil wins Mexico and Colombia in all common genera.
PATHERNOCISSEAE
One genus in Mexico: Parthenocissus (2). Tribe absent in Brazil and Colombia.
AMPELOPSIDEAE
One genus in Mexico: Ampelopsis (3). Tribe absent in Brazil and Colombia.
VITEAE
Two genera in Mexico: Ampelocissus (3) and Vitis (17); and one genus in Colombia: Vitis (2, one endemic).
ZYGOPHYLLALES
KRAMERIACEAE ‣ Mexico wins Brazil in Krameria (10 ✕ 5). Colombia has only two spp.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian Fagonia (7, Zygophylloideae, subfamily absent in Brazil), Guaiacum (3), Larrea (1), Morkillia, Sericodes, Viscainoa (these in the endemic subfamily Morkillioideae, 3/5), and Porlierea (1), and wins in Kallstroemia (12 ✕ 1). Colombia wins Brazil in Kallstroemia (2 ✕ 1) and Plectocarpa (2 ✕ 1), and has the unbrazilian Guaiacum (1).
CELASTRALES
CELASTRACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian.
PARNASSIOIDEAE
Parnassia
POTTINGERIOIDEAE
Mortonia
MICROTROPIS CLADE
Quetzalia
STACKOUSIOIDEAE
Crossopetalum, Gyminda
BREXIOIDEAE
Elaeodendron
CELASTROIDEAE
Acanthothamnus, Paxistima, Canotia, Euonymus, Wimmeria
SCHAEFFERIA CLADE
Orthosphenia, Rzedowskia
MALPIGHIALES
CALOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico has Mammea.
MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Calcicola, Cottsia, Echinopterys, Gaudichaudia, Lasiocarpus, Malpighia, Psychopterys.
CHRYSOBALANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Geobalanus [✕ Exellodendron].
ACHARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Chiangiodendron.
VIOLACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Hybanthus, Ixchelia and Orthion.
PASSIFLORACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Erblichia [✕ Oxosssia].
SALICACEAE ‣ Mexico has Bartholomaea, Hasseltiopsis, Neopringlea, Populus.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalyphoideae ▸ Plukenettae - Mexico has unbrazilian Acidocroton, Zuckertia.
Acalyphoideae ▸ Adelieae - Mexico has unbrazilian Enriquebeltrania.
Acalyphoideae ▸ Chrozophoreae - Mexico has unbrazilian Argythamnia.
Crotonoideae ▸ Aleuritideae - Mexico has unbrazilian Garcia.
Euphorbioideae▸ Hipomaneae - Mexico has unbrazilian Dalembertia, Hippomane.
PHYLLANTHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Andrachne and Phyllanthopsis.
PICRODENDRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Tetracoccus.
LINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Hesperolinon [✕ Cliococca].
FABALES
FABACEAE ‣ Mexico has 57 genera absent in Brazil.
Cercidioideae - Cercis.
Faboideae ▸ CLADRASTIDOIDS CLADE (3/18) - Styphnolobium.
Faboideae ▸ CLADRASTIDOIDS CLADE - Pickeringia.
Faboideae ▸ DIPTERYGEAE (17/c 80) - Myrospermum.
Faboideae ▸ GENISTOIDEAE - Brongniartia.
Faboideae ▸ DALBERGIOIDEAE - Amicia, Amorpha, Apoplanesia, Chapmannia, Dalea, Diphysa, Errazurizia, Eysenhardtia, Marina, Psorothamnus.
Faboideae ▸ Phaseoloideae - Cologania, Hesperothamnus, Hoita, Hylodesmum, Lespedeza, Orbexilum, Oxyrhynchus, Pachyrhizus, Pediomelum, Phaseolus, Piscidia, Ramirezella, Rupertia.
Faboideae ▸ ROBINIEAE - Genistidium, Gliricidia, Lennea, Olneya, Peteria, Robinia.
Faboideae ▸ Dermatophylleae - Dermatophyllum.
FaboideaeE ▸ LOTEAE - Acmispon, Hosackia.
Faboideae ▸ GLYCYRRHIZEAE - Glycyrrhiza.
Faboideae ▸ HEDYSAREAE - Astragalus.
Caesalpinioidae▸ DIMORPHANDRA CLADE A - Conzattia
Caesalpinioideae ▸ Caesalpinioideae - Caesalpinia, Coulteria, Haematoxylum, Hoffmannseggia.
Caesalpiniideae ▸ Mimoseae - Acaciella, Calliandropsis, Ebenopsis, Havardia, Guinetia, Leucaena, Lysiloma, Mariosousa, Painteria, Prosopidastrum, Pseudosamanea, Sphinga, Strombocarpa.
Caesalpinioideae ▸ Schizolobieae - Heteroflorum.
POLYGALACEAE ‣ Mexico has Hebecarpa and Rhinotropis.
SURIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has Recchia.
SURIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has Recchia.
ROSALES
ROSACEAE ‣ 193 spp. Mexico includes Adenostoma, Amelanchier, Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, Crataegus, Drymocallis, Fallugia, Fragaria, Heteromeles, Holodiscus, Horkelia, Ivesia, Lachemilla, Lindleya, Malacomeles, Petrophytum, Photinia, Physocarpus, Potentilla, Purshia, Rosa, Vauquelinia, Xerospiraea.
RHAMNACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Adolphia, Ceanothus, Karwinskia, Krugiodendron [✕ Scutia], Sageretia, Ventia [✕ Rhamnidium].
ULMACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ulmus.
CANNABACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Aphananthe, Lozanella, Humulus.
MORACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Morus.
URTICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Discocnide, Gyrotaenia, Hesperocnide, Rousselia.
CUCURBITALES
CORIARIACEAE (1/1).
CUCURBITACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Cionosicys, Cucurbita, Doyerea, Hanburia, Ibervillea, Marah, Microsechium, Parasicyos, Peponopsis,Polyclathra, Schizocarpum, Sechiopsis, Sicyosperma, Tecunumania, Tumamoca.
DATISCACEAE (1/1).
FAGALES
FAGACEAE (2/138).
MYRICACEAE (1/3).
JUGLANDACEAE (4/14).
TICODENDRACEAE (1/1).
BETULACEAE (4/6).
HUERTALES
TAPISCIACEAE ‣ family with Huertea (4) in New World, absent in Brazil, present in Colombia (3, 1 endemic) and Mexico (1).
DIPENTODONTACEAE ‣ Perrotetia (unknown in Brazil) is the only genus in the New World, where 14 of its 20 species occur. Colombia includes 10 spp. (5 endemic) and Mexico has 3 (none endemic).
GERANIALES
GERANIACEAE ‣ in this family, the only relevant highlights are genus California in Mexico, sect. Paramensia (subg. Geranium), growing in the northern Andes and absent from Brazil, and the much greater diversity in Mexico (36 ✕ 5) and Colombia (25 ✕ 5) compared to Brazil. Mexico has a single Erodium
PICRAMNIALES
PICRAMNIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian Alvaradoa (1), and no wins no other genus. Colombia wins Brazil in Nothotalisia (2 ✕ 1).
MYRTALES
ONAGRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Chylismia, Clarkia, Eremothera, Eulobus, Gayaphyton, Hauya, Lopezia, Megacorax, Tetrapteron, Xylonagra.
LYTHRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Ginoria absent in Brazil.
MYRTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Chamguava, Mosiera.
MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Heterocentron, Schwackaea, Stanmarkia.
CROSSOSOMATALES
CROSSOSSOMATACEAE ‣ 4 genera in this family: Apacheria (1, Arizona to New Mexico), Crossosoma (3, California to Mexico, all in Mexico, none endemics), Glossopetalon (2, 1 in Mexico, no endemic), and Velascoa (1, Queretaro, Mexico). Absent in Brazil and Colombia.
GUAMATELACEAE ‣ a single species in this family, Guamatela tuerckheimii Donn.Sm., from Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas) to Honduras. Absent in Brazil and Colombia.
STAPHYLEACEAE ‣ two genera in New World, with Staphylea as ubrazilian, present in Mexico (3) and Colombia (1). Mexico wins Brazil in Turpinia (3 ✕ 1), Colombia no.
SAPINDALES - in all families Brazil has more spp. and genera tham Mexico, except Anacardiaceae, in both lists.
ANACARDIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Actincheita, Amphipterygium, Attilaea, Bonetiella, Comocladia, Cotinus, Malosma, Metopium, Mosquitoxylon, Pachycormus, Pistacia, Pseudosmodingium, Rhus, Toxicodendron.
BURSERACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Beiselia.
SAPINDACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Acer, Aesculus, Billa, Blomia, Exothea, Toiunidium, Ungdania.
RUTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amyris, Coysia, Cneoridium, Decatrops, Decazyx, Megastigma, Peltostigma, Polyaster, Ptelea, Stauranthus, Thamnosma.
MALVALES
THYMELAEACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Dirca.
BIXACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amoreuxia.
CISTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Helianthemum and Lechea.
CYTINACEAE (1/1).
MUNTINGIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Dicraspsidia.
MALVACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Allowissadula, Anotea, Bastardiastrum, Batesimalva, Bernoullia, Billieturnera, Callirhoe, Carpodiptera, Chiranthodendron, Dendrosida, Dirhamphis, Eremalche, Fremontodendron, Fryxellia, Fuertesimalva, Hampea, Hermannia, Horsfordia, Kearnemalvastrum, Kosteletzkya, Malacothamnus, Malva, Malvella, Meximalva, Mortoniodendron, Neobrittonia, Periptera, Phymosia, Physodium, Reevesia, Robinsonella, Sidalcea, Tarasa, Tilia, Trichospermum.
BRASSICALES
CARICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Carica, Horovotzia, Jarilla (all composed a uniquelly monopyletic lineage).
SETCHELLANTHACEAE (1/1).
KOEBERLINIACEAE (1/1).
RESEDACEAE (2/10).
TOVARIACEAE (1/1).
CAPPARACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Atamisquea, Caphexandra, Neocapparis, Quadrella.
CLEOMACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Andinocleome, Iltisella, Cleomella, Polanisia, Cochranella.
BRASSICACEAE ‣ Mexico has 212 spp. in this family in 42 genera, 31 in Thelypodieae, Cardamineae, Physareae and Halimolobeae, all South Americam groups.
:: 27 genera does not occur in South America, 21 of them in Thelypodieae, Cardamineae and Physareae. Remaining: Athysanus, Boechera, Erysimum, Sphaerocardamum, Asta and Scoliaxon.
:: largest genera (109 spp. united): Physaria (23), Lepidium (19), Rorippa (11), Romanschulzia (10), Cardamine, Descurainia, Draba and Dryopetalum nine each.
ARABODEAE (2/10) - Athysanus (2), Draba (9), Tomostima (3)
BRASSICEAE (15/61)
Coluteocarpeae (1/2) - Noccaea (2)
Thelypodieae (13/56) - Chaunanthus (4), Dryopetalon (9), Hesperidanthus (1), Mostacillastrum (8), Phravenia (1), Romanschulzia (10), Sibara (3), Stanleya (1), Streptanthella (7), Streptanthus (6), Thelypodiopsis (1), Thelypodium (1), Thysanocarpus (4)
Brassiceae (1/3) - Cakile (3).
CAMELINODEAE (23/134)
Cardamineae (6/27) - Cardamine (9), Nasturtium (1), Ornithocarpa (2), Planodes (2), Rorippa (11), Selenia (2).
Lepidieae (1/19) - Lepidium (19).
Boechereae (1/5) - Boechera (5)
Descurainieae (2/10) - Descurainia (9), Tropidocarpum (1).
Physarieae (7/41) - Dimorphocarpa (3), Dithyrea (1), Lyrocarpa (3), Nerisyrenia (7), Paysonia (2), Physaria (23), Synthlipsis (2).
Erysimeae (1/6) - Erysimum (6)
Halimolobeae (5/26) - Exhalimolobos (5), Halimolobos (7), Mancoa (5), Pennellia (5), Sphaerocardamum (4).
HELIOPHILOIDEAE (2/2)
Asteae (1/1) - Asta (1).
Anastaticeae (1/1) - Scoliaxon (1)
BERBERIDOPSIDALES
Order absent in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia, present in New World.
SANTALALES
SANTALACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Arceuthobium and Comandra.
CARYOPHYLLALES
POLYGONACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Antigonon, Bistorta, Centrostegia, Chorizanthe, Eriogonum, Gymnopodium, Harfordia, Lastarriaea, Nemacaulis, Neomillspaughia, Pterostegia and Sidotheca.
FRANKENIACEAE (1/5).
CARYOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Achyronychia, Cerdia, Loeflingia, Scopulophila (Polycarpaeae), Colobanthus, Minuartia (Sagineae), Corrigiola (Theliphioideae), Eremogone (Eremogoneae, a single sp. in Mexico), Silene (Sileneae), Stellaria (Alsineae).
SIMMONDSIACEAE (1/1).
ACHATOCARPACEAE ‣ Mexico has Phaulothamnus.
STEGNOSPERMATACEAE (1/3).
AMARANTHACEAE ‣ Corispermum (Coryspermoideae), Aphanisma (Betoideae), Nitrophila (Polycneoideae), Atriplex, Chenopodium (Chenopodioideae/Atripliceae), Cycloloma (Chenopodioideae/Dysphanieae), Blitum (Chenopodioideae/Anserineae), Krascheninnikovia (Chenopodioideae/Axyrieae), Suaeda (Suadeoideae), Allenrolfea (Salicorneae), Pleuropetalum, Lagrezia, Gossypianthus, Tidestromia (Amaranthoideae).
SARCOBATACEAE (1/1).
PHYTOLACCACEAE ‣ Mexico has Agdestis.
PETIVERIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ledenbergia.
NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has Abronia, Acleisanthes, Allionia, Anulocaulis, Commicarpus, Cryptocarpus, Cyphomeris, Grajalesia, Mirabilis, Okenia, Pisoniella, Salpianthus and Tripterocalyx.
MONTIACEAE (5/27).
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE (1/1).
CACTACEAE ‣ Mexico no has Leuenbergerioideae, Maihuenioideae, Blossfeldioideae and Notocacteae. Overall, Mexico has 58 genera. Apart Cacteae and Opuntia, Mexico has (31/)188 spp. and Brazil (41/)253 spp.
Pereskiodeae (1/1) - Pereskia (1).
Opuntioideae (5/146) - Corynopuntia (3), Cylindropuntia (29), Grusonia (11), Opuntia (97), Pereskiopsis (6). Brazil has only (4/)15 spp.
Cactoideae/Cacteae: (26/)423 spp.; tribe absent in Brazil.
Cactoideae/Phyllocateae (23/117) - Aporocactus (2), Deamia (3), Disocactus (9), Epiphyllum (7), Kimnachia (1) and Selenicereus (19) in Hylocereinae; (17/)76 spp. outside Hylocereinae. Brazil has 5 spp. in Hylocereinae and 14 spp. outside Hylocereinae (in Frailea and Strophocactus).
Cactoideae/Rhipsalideae (1/1) - Rhipsalis (1).
Cactoideae/Cereae/Cereinae (2/10) - Melocactus (1), Pilosocereus (9).
CORNALES
CORNACEAE ‣ family absent in Brazil, only Cornus in New World, present in Mexico (5, none endemic) and Colombia (1).
NYSSACEAE ‣ 10 spp. worldide, 5 in Asia and 5 in New World. 4 spp. occur in U.S.A., one of them (Nyssa sylvatica Marshall) up to Mexico, and one occur in Costa Rica and Panama.
HYDRANGEACEAE ‣ a family of North America par excellence. Mexico includes six genera: Deutzia (69, 65 in Asia and 4 endemic to Mexico), Fendlera (3, all in Mexico, two up to U.S.A.), Fendlerella (4, all in Mexico, 1 up to U.S.A.), Hydrangea (96 worldwide, 10 in Mexico, 8 endemic), Jamesia (2, U.S.A., 1 to Mexico), Philadelphus (44, New World, Caucasus and Asia, 20 in New World, 16 in Mexico, 9 endemic), with 38 spp. in country. Colombia includes 4 spp. of Hydrangea, none endemic.
(6/36).
LOASACEAE ‣ Mexico wins Brazil in Mentzelia (29 ✕ 1) and in unbrazilian genera: Eucnide (14), Schismocarpus (2, endemic to Mexico), Cevallia (1), Petalonyx (3), Gronovia (2), and Nasa (1). Colombia wins Brazil only in unbrazilian genera: Nasa (21) and Gronovia (1).
ERICALES
BALSAMINACEAE (1/1)
MARCGRAVIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ruyschia.
POLEMONIACEAE (22/105).
FOUQUIERIACEAE (1/11).
PENTAPHYLACACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Cleyera, Symplococarpon.
PRIMULACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Androsace, Bonellia, Deherainia, Dodecatheon, Primula, Synardisia.
MITRASTEMONACEAE (1/1).
ACTINIDIACEAE (1/21).
ERICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Chimaphila, Comarostaphylis, Leucothoe, Lyonia, Macleania, Monotropa, Ornithostaphylos, Orthaea, Orthilia, Pterospora, Pyrola, Sarcodes, Xylococcus.
ICACINALES
ICACINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Mappia (4, 2 endemic), unique genus in country and unique New World genus absent in Brazil. Colombia no wins Brazil in none genera.
METTENIUSALES
METTENIUSACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Oecopetalum (2) and Ottoschulzia (1), and leads in Calatola (4 ✕ 1). Colombia wins Brazil only in unbrazilian Metteniusa (all species occur in Colombia).
GARRYALES
GARRYACEAE ‣ a singles genus in New World with 17 spp., 9 in Mexico, absent in Brazil and Colombia.
GENTIANALES
RUBIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian
UNPLACED
Berghesia, Eizia, Placocarpa, Stylosiphonia
RONDELETIEAE
Blepharidium, Donnellyanthus, Habroneuron, Bouvardia, Rondeletia, Rovaeanthus
HILLIEAE
Balmea
HAMELIEAE
Cosmocalyx, Erithalis, Exostema, Omiltemia, Pinarophyllon, Plocaniophyllon, Pseudomiltemia, Syringantha
CHIOCOCCEAE
Coutaportla, Nernstia, Solenandra
STRUMPFIEAE (absent in Brazil)
Strumpfia
GUETTARDEAE
Arachnothryx, Pittoniotis, Rogiera, Tournefortiopsis
SIPANEEAE
Steyermarkia
DIALYPETALANTHEAE
Hintonia
CORDIEREAE
Glossostipula
SPERMACOCEAE
Arcytophyllum, Carterella, Crusea, Ernodea, Houstonia, Martensianthus, Mexotis, Oldenlandiopsis, Rachicallis, Stenaria, Stenotis, Tessiera
ANTHOSPERMEAE (absent in Brazil)
Nertera
RUBIEAE
Didymaea
MORINDEAE
Morinda
MITCHELLEAE (absent in Brazil)
Mitchella
GENTIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Centaurium, Eustoma, Frasera, Geniostemon, Gentiana, Gentianella, Gentianopsis, Gyrandra, Halenia, Lisianthius, Sabatia, and Zeltnera.
APOCYNACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Allotoonia, Alstonia, Amsonia, Apocynum, Bruceholstia, Cameraria, Cascabela, Dictyanthus, Echites, Fernaldia, Haplophyton, Metalepis, Pentalinon, Pherotrichis, Pinochia, Plumeria, Polystemma, Prosthecidiscus, Thenardia, Thoreauea, Thyrsanthella, Tintinnabularia, and Vulcano.
VAHLIALES
Order absent in New World.
BORAGINALES
BORAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amphibologyne, Amsinckia, Cryptantha, Eremocarya, Greeneocharis, Hackelia, Harpagonella, Johnstonella, Lappula, Lithospermum, Mertensia, Mimophytum, Oncaglossum, Oreocarya, Pectocarya, Plagiobothrys, and Simpsonanthus.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE ‣ (7/112) ‣ Emmenanthe (1), Eucrypta (2), Hesperochiron (1), Nemophila (3), Nama (42), Phacelia (60) and Pholistoma (3).
NAMACEAE (4/46) ‣ Eriodictyon (4), Nama (42), Turricula (1) and Wigandia (1).
EHRETIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Bourreria, Lennoa, Pholisma, Rochefortia and Tiquilia.
SOLANALES
HYDROLEACEAE ‣ Mexico includes one unbrazilian species: Hydrolea ovata Nutt. (C & SE U.S.A., S Mexico). Brazil and Colombia has the same two species, both also in Mexico.
CONVOLVULACEAE ‣ Only 4 unbrazilian genera occur in New World: Decalobanthus (18, Old World, 1 in Mexico to Panama and Caribbean), Itzaea (1, S Mexico to Costa Rica), Petrogenia (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Porana (2, 1 from Thailand to Sulawesi, 1 in Mexico) and Stylisma (6, C & E U.S.A.), remarkable by two high uncomoon disjunctions. Mexico has the unbrazilian Petrogenia (1, Texas to N Mexico, Dichondreae), Itzaea (1, 1, S Mexico to Costa Rica, Cresseae), Decalobanthus (18, Old World, 1 in Mexico to Panama and Caribbean, Ipomoeae) and Porana (2, 1 from Thailand to Sulawesi, 1 in Mexico, Cardiochlamyeae), and suplants Brazil in Cressa (2 ✕ 1), Cuscuta (65 ✕ 22) and Calystegia (5 ✕ 1). Brazil suplants Colombia in all Colombian genera.
SOLANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Brachistus, Browallia, Capsicophysalis, Cataracta (E), Chamaesaracha, Datura, Hunzikeria, Juanulloa, Nectouxia, Plowmania (E), Quincula, Salpiglossis, Schraderanthus, Schultesianthus, and Tzeltalia.
CESTROIDEA/BROWALLIEAE
Mexico and Colombia has the unbrazilian Browallia (2 and 3 species, respectively).
CESTROIDEA/CESTREAE
Mexico suplants Brazil in Cestrum (56 ✕ 45). Colombia suplants Brazil in Cestrum (49 ✕ 45) and Sessea (8 ✕ 1).
PETUNIOIDEAE
Mexico has the unbrazilian Plowmania (1, Mexico to Guatemala) and Hunzikeria (4, Texas, Mexico/3, Venezuela).
SOLANOIDEAE/ATROPEAE
Mexico suplants Brazil in Lycium (20 ✕ 3).
SOLANOIDEAE/EXODECONUS CLADE
Colombia has the unbrazilian Exodeconus (1).
SOLANOIDEAE/SOLANDREAE
Mexico has the unbrazilian Merinthopodium (1) and Schultesianthus (3), and suplants Brazil in Solandra (6 ✕ 2). Colombia has the unbrazilian Doselia (4, Colombia to Ecuador), Merinthopodium (2), Poortmannia (1), Schultesianthus (4), and Trianaea (2), and suplants Brazil in Juanulloa (4 ✕ 2) and Markea (9 ✕ 4).
SOLANOIDEAE/DATUREAE
Mexico has the unbrazilian Datura (14, SW & SC U.S.A. to Mexico, all in Mexico). Colombia suplants Brazil in Brugmansia (4 ✕ 2).
SOLANOIDEAE/SOLANEAE
Mexico and Colombia has the unbrazilian Jaltomata (7 and 8 spp., respectively).
SOLANOIDEAE/PHYSALIDEAE
Mexico has the unbrazilian Cuatresia (1), Capsicophysalis (1), Cataracta (1, endemic), Chamaesaracha (10), Quincula (1), Schraderanthus (1) and Tzeltalia (4). Mexico suplants Brazil in Witheringia (7 ✕ 1) and Physalis (77 ✕ 4). Colombia has the unbrazilian Cuatresia (13), Deprea (9) and Saracha (3). Colombia suplants Brazil in Iochroma (5 ✕ 1) and Witheringia (5 ✕ 1).
SOLANOIDEAE/CAPSICEAE
Mexico and Colombia suplants Brazil in Lycianthes (47 ✕ 10 and 21 ✕ 10, respectively).
LAMIALES
PLOCOSPERMATACEAE (1/1).
OLEACEAE ‣ Cartrema (1), Chionanthus (3), Forestiera (10), Fraxinus (14), Hesperelaea (1), and Menodora (18).
TETRACHONDRACEAE (1/1).
PETENAEACEAE (1/1).
GESNERIACEAE (30 ✕ 26) ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Achimenes, Alloplectus, Alsobia, Amalophyllon, Eucodonia, Gasteranthus, Glossoloma, Kohleria, Moussonia, Neomortonia, Niphaea, Oerstedina, Pachycaulos, Rhynchoglossum, Smithiantha, Solenophora, and Trichodrymonia.
PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Collinsia, Epixiphium, Galvezia, Gambelia, Hippuris, Keckiella, Lophospermum, Mabrya, Maurandella, Maurandya, Mohavea, Neogaerrhinum, Nuttallanthus, Penstemon, Pseudorontium, Rhodochiton, Russelia, Sairocarpus, Schistophragma, Sibthorpia, Synthyris, Tetranema, and Uroskinnera.
SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Alonsoa, Eremogeton, Leucophyllum and Scrophularia.
VERBENACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Junelia, Rehdera and Xolocotzia (one genus more than Brazil).
SCHLEGELIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Gibsoniothamnus.
MARTYNIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Martynia and Proboscidea.
BIGNONIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amphitecna, Astianthus, Chilopsis, Parmentiera, Roseodendron, and Tecoma.
ACANTHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Anisacanthus, Aphanosperma, Barleria, Blechum, Bravaisia, Carlowrightia, Chalarothyrsus, Chileranthemum, Gypsacanthus, Henrya, Holographis, Hoverdenia, Louteridium, Mexacanthus, Mirandea, Spathacanthus, Tetramerium, and Yeatesia.
LENTIBULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Pinguincula.
LAMIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Acanthomintha, Agastache, Asterohyptis, Callicarpa, Catoferia, Mentha, Monarda, Monardella, Physostegia, Pogogyne, Poliomintha, Tetraclea, Trichostema, and Warnockia.
PHRYMACEAE (7/48).
OROBANCHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Aphyllon, Aureolaria, Brachystigma, Chloropyron, Clevelandia, Conopholis, Cordylanthus, Dicranostegia, Epifagus, Kopsiopsis, Lamourouxia, Ophiocephalus, Pedicularis, Seymeria, Seymeria, and Silviella.
ASTERALES
CAMPANULACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian Calcaratolobelia, Campanula, Diastatea, Downingia, Githopsis, Heterotoma, Nemacladus, Palmerella, Pseudonemacladus, Wimmeranthus.
ASTERACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 383 genera (59 endemics) and 3,244 native species of Asteraceae, the largest amount of genera in a same family worldwide. Brazil has only 2,102 spp. in 271 genera. However, three subfamilies present in Brazil are absents in Mexico: Barbadesioideae, Stifftioideae, and Wunderlichioideae. Five other restricted subfamilies also are absents in Mexico: Famathinanthoideae (Argentina), Corymbioideae (South Africa), Hecastocleidoideae (SW U.S.A.), Pertyoideae (Asia) and Gymnarrhenoideae (Mediteranean region). Mexico includes only 5 subfamilies. The huge bulk of the advantage of Mexico against Brazil in Asteraceae resides in Asteroideae + Cichorieae + Cirsium/Plectocephalus + Acourtia/Jungia + Sinclairia. Mexico has 59 endemic genera.
MUTISIOIDEA
Three clades, all in Mexico (7 genera) and Brazil.
Onosoreideae ‣ in Mexico occur only one sp. in Onoseris. In Brazil occur two genera (Onoseris, Lycoseris) and one sp. each.
Mutisieae ‣ Mexico has (3/)16 spp. (13 in Chaptalia, 1 in Adenocaulon, 2 in Leibnitzia), Brazil has (4/)28 (14 in Chaptalia). Brazil has one endemic genus, Mexico none.
Nassauvinae ‣ two genera in this clade are common for Brazil and Mexico: Jungia (2 in Mexico, one in Brazil) and Trixis (20 in Mexico, 16 in Brazil). Acourtia only in Mexico (77 in country), and Cephalopappus, Criscia, Holocheilus, Panphalea and Perezia only in Brazil.
GOCHNATIOIDEAE
Mexico includes only 7 spp., all in Nahuatlea. Brazil has 37 spp. in three genera, including two endemics.
CARDUOIDEAE
Mexico includes two genera, Cirsium (45) and Plectocephalus (2). Brazil includes only one in the latter genus.
CICHORIOIDEAE
4 tribes occur in New World, Moquinieae endemic to Brazil, and three widely distributed. Mexico includes (38)178 spp., and Brazil includes (58/)497.
Liabeae ‣ 28 spp. in Mexico (27 in Sinclairia, one in Liabum) and two in Brazil (both in Liabum).
Vernonieae ‣ (19/)79 spp. in Mexico (including 21 in Eremosis, 12 in Vernonia), and (53/)478 in Brazil. 12 off 18 mexican genera occur in Brazil (excludes Eremosis, besides POWO citation). Mexican endemics: Bolanosa (1), Leiboldia (2) and Stramentopappus (2). Brazil includes 26 endemic genera.
Cichorieae ‣ Mexico includes (17/)73 spp., Brazil only (4/)17. One endemic mexican genus: Marshalljohnstonia. Emblematic unbrazilian mexican genera: Lactuca and Crepis.
ASTEROIDEAE
Mexico has (335/)2,900 spp. in this subfamily, and Brazil has only (185/)1,464. This subfamily includes 22 lineages, 6 does not occur neither Mexico or Brazil: Abrotanellinae, Doroniceae, Calenduleae, Athroismeae, Feddeae and Polymnieae. Among mexican genera, 334 are assignated in any lineage below, one (Bathysanthus) is unplaced. Mexico has 55 endemic genera in this subfamily (including Bathysanthus), Brazil only 40.
Inuleae - (4/)11 spp. in Mexico, and (5/)22 in Brazil. None endemic genera in these countries.
Eupatorieae - Mexico has (47/)653 spp. (381 in Ageratina, Stevia and Brickellia); Brazil has (85/)629. Eight mexican endemisms: Microspermum, Jaliscoa, Nesomia, Mexianthus, Paneroa, Ageratella, Alomia and Steviopsis.
Neurolaeneae - (4/)21 spp. in Mexico, (2/)92 spp. in Brazil. Greenmaniella endemic to Mexico.
Chaenactidae and Madieae occur in Mexico but non in Brazil; the former includes (1/)9 spp. in Mexico, and the former (15/)37 spp. Two mexican endemics: Baeriopsis and Adenothamnus.
Anthemideae ‣ (3/)15 spp. in Mexico (inc. the holartic Achillea millefolium L., 13 Artemisia, one Soliva), (1/)3 in Brazil.
Perityleae - (8/)55 spp. in Mexico (39 only in Perityle), (1/)3 in Brazil. Two mexican endemics: Nesothamnus and Eutetras.
Senecioneae - (22/)241 spp. in Mexico (179 in Senecio, Psacalium and Roldana), (9/)96 in Brazil.
Millerieae - Mexico has (25/)185 spp. (104 in Melampodium, Tridax, Sabazia and Guardiola), Brazil only (8/)33 spp. 5 mexican endemics: Dyscritothamnus, Faxonia, Zandera, Stenocarpha, Axiniphyllum.
Bahieae - Mexico includes (13/)50 spp., Brazil only one sp., the widely Schkuhria schkuhrioides Thell. Two mexican endemics, Chaetymenia and Loxothysanus.
Helenieae - (11/)43 spp. in Mexico, only (3/)4 spp. in Brazil. One mexican endemic, Pelucha.
Tageteae - Mexico has (27/)175 spp., Brazil only (5/)27 spp. 11 mexican endemics: Arnicastrum, Coulterella, Bajacalia, Boeberoides, Boeberastrum, Gymnolaena, Hydropectis, Leucactinia, Strotheria, Urbinella, Oxypappus.
Coreopsidinae - (13/)192 spp. in Mexico, only (5/)27 spp. in Brazil, boht with a endemic genus (Goldamanella and Staurochlamys, respectively).
Gnaphalieae - Mexico has (15/)75 spp., Brazil has (11/)70 spp. Brazil and Mexico have one endemic genus each (Mexerion and Stenophalium, respectively).
Heliantheae - (76/)698 spp. in Mexico, only (27/)225 spp. in Brazil. 13 mexican endemics: Calanticaria, Chromolepis, Damnxanthodium, Davilanthus, Dugesia, Gonzalezia, Hybridella, Iostephane, Perymeniopsis, Plagiolophus, Tehuana, Trichocoryne, Vigethia.
Astereae - Mexico has (50/)437 spp., Brazil only (17/)227. 7 mexican endemics: Aztecaster, Aquilula, Batopilasia, Stephanodoria, Tomentaurum, Sanrobertia, Geissolepis.
AQUIFOLIALES
AQUIFOLIACEAE ‣ Brazil surpasses Colombia and Mexico in the number of species within this family.
PHYLLONOMACEAE ‣ the highly remarkable Phyllonoma (5) does not occur in Brazil — both Mexico and Colombia each host one species.
ESCALLONIALES
Escalloniales does not occur in Mexico. Brazil surpasses Colombia in the number of species within the order (9 ✕ 4).
BRUNIALES
Order absent in New World.
DESFONTAINIALES
A single family in this order with 8 spp., from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Chile, absent in Mexico. 3 spp. in Colombia, two in Columellia and one in Desfontainia, none endemic.
DIPSACALES
CAPRIFOLIACEAE ‣ (4/)57 spp. in Mexico. Mexico and Colombia wins Brazil in Valeriana (38 ✕ 21) and (27 ✕ 21), respectively.
DIPSACOIDEAE
Mexico has unbrazilian Lonicera (7) and Symphoricarpos (7).
LINNAEOIDEAE
Mexico has unbrazilian Vesalea (5).
VIBURNACEAE ‣ Mexico leads against Brazil in Sambucus (3 ✕ 1) and Viburnum (20 ✕ 1). Colombia wins Brazil in Viburnum (21 ✕ 1) and tied in Sambucus (1 ✕ 1).
APIALES
APIACEAE ‣ Mexico has (40/)233 spp. Unbrazilian genera:
Mackinlayoideae: Micropleura (1, Mexico to Colombia).
Apioideae/Oenatheae: Berula (1, Africa, temp. Northern Hemisphere to Mexico), Cicuta (2, temp. Northern Hemisphere), Neogoezia (5, Mexico), Oenanthe (1).
Apioideae/Rivasmartinezia clade: Conioselinum (1, N. America, temp. Eurasia), Ligusticum (2, temp. Northern Hemisphere to N. Mexico), Villarrealia (1, Mexico).
Apioideae/Scandiceae: Chaerophyllum (2), Osmorhiza (3), Yabea (1, W. Canada to NW Mexico).
Apioideae/Selineae: Angelica L. (2, temperate northern Hemisphere), Apiastrum (1, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico), Arracacia (34, Mexico to Bolivia), Coaxana (2, S Mexico to Guatemala), Coulterophytum (4, W Mexico), Cymopterus (3), Dahliaphyllum (1, SW Mexico), Donnellsmithia (19, Mexico to W Venezuela), Enantiophylla (1, America Central), Lomatium (5), Mathiasella (1), Musineon (1, WC & C Canada to N Mexico), Myrrhidendron (1, SE Mexico to Ecuador), Neonelsonia (1, S Mexico to Guatemala, W South America to Venezuela), Ottoa (1), Prionosciadium (23), Rhodosciadium (15), Spermolepis (5, Hawaiian Is., U.S.A. to N & E Mexico, Argentina), Tauschia (25), Vesper (1, W & C. U.S.A. to NW Mexico).
Saniculideae: Sanicula (7).
PARACRYPHIALES
Order absent in New World.
