AS MAIORES FALÉSIAS DO BRASIL

Os mais significativos sistemas de falésias do Brasil estão nas praias do Morro Branco e das Fontes, em Beberibe; Canoa Quebrada, em Aracati; e Redonda, em Icapuí, estes no Ceará; no município de Touros e na Praia da Pipa, em Tibau do Sul, no Rio Grande do Norte. Na Paraíba, estão na Ponta do Seixas, em João Pessoa. Em Alagoas, na Praia do Gunga. Na Bahia, na Costa da Praia Dourada, em Mucuri. E no Rio Grande do Sul, há as falésias de Torres (Saiba Mais, 2021).

Com o objetivo de listar o mais longo sistema contínuo (paredão extenso sem ser interrompido por cursos d'água) da costa brasileira, o Almanaque Z, usando a ferramnta de comprimento do Google Earth, calculou suas extensões lineares, com leve contorno, da extensão de cada uma.

RESULTADO

Todos os sistemas citados acima têm menos de 1200m de extensão com exceção de Beberibe (CE), Touros (RN), da Ponta do Seixas (PB), do Gunga (AL) e da Costa Dourada (BA), sendo estes indubitavelmente os mais longos o país. Apenas um dos trechos da Costa Dourada superaram 2,5 km, chegando a cerca de 2,7 km. O Almanaque Brazil considera, assim, esta a mais longa falésia contínua do Brasil, em comprimento.

SEE ALSO

Qual a  maior dolina do Brasil?

Deepest point in Brazilian Atlantic

NOCTILUCA NO BRASIL

LAST UPDATED IN 29.09.2024

No Brasil os registros de bioluminescência por Noctiluca são entremamente vagos, imprecisos e não documentados cientificamente. Mundo afora, como fenômeno biológico, os bloons deste protista na noite são fartamente documentados, conhecidos e alguns descritos em artigos científicos.

As noctilucas, precisamente Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, são dinoflagelados da família Noctilucaceae, que ocorrem em todo o mundo; eles produzem luz em flashes como resultado da reação entre luciferina e luciferase, durante estresse mecânico, por isso sua presença é notada em águas agitadas próximo das costas (Wikipedia).

Abaixo, um checklist de registros de bioluminescência de Noctiluca no Brasil, feito em busca rápida pela internet.

• registro na praia do Ervino, São Francisco do Sul, em 18 de julho de 2024 (NSC Total).
• registro feito em Balneário Camboriú, também em 18 de julho de 2024 (G1, com vídeo).
• registro em 28 de julho de 2023, em um clube de canoagem na Baía Norte em Florianópolis às 6h15 (G1, com vídeo).
• registro em vídeos em Capão da Canoa (RS), em janeiro de 2022, dois links (Youtube Link 1, Youtube Link 2).
• registro na região de Torres (RS) por Gabriel Zaparolli em outubro de 2021, publicado pelo Olhar Digital (LINK) e o Met Sul (LINK).
• registro no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, citado em Souza Cardoso (Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 2012), como um registro jornalístico do Zero Hora, sem mais detalhes.
• registros de ocorrência, curiosamente com tons de extrema ordinaridade, na Ilha do Mel (PR), por JB Litoral (LINK), com um texto com falas de especialistas mas sem registros de foto ou vídeo fiáveis.
• citações, sem nenhum detalhe, de ocorrência também na Ilha do Cardoso (SP), em Desviantes (LINK).

BIOLUMINESCÊNCIA DE NOCTILUCA EM CAPÃO DA CANOA, RS

POST AVULSO: UMA PLANTA ESTRANHA

Por muito tempo uma árvore bastante alongada, plantada na frente de uma concessionária da mais importante avenida de Teresina, Piauí, chamava a atenção pelo seu aspecto. Por mais que este autor que vos fala tivesse curiosidade de saber que espécies era aquela, jamais fez nada para entender. Na sua ignorância, apenas supeitava que era uma Araliaceae, talvez relatado a Schefflera.

Um dia, vasculhando o site Flora of the World, autor enontrou a planta. Ali. Magnifica. Não era uma Schefflera. Não era Araliaceae. Nem Apiales. Nem Eudicots mesmo era. Era, de modo bastante inesperado, uma Annonaceae!! Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, antiga Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Thwaites, nativa da Índia e Sri Lanka. Mistério resolvido.

GUIANA SHILED AND BRAZILIAN MASSIFS

Guiana Highlands, plateau and low-mountain region of South America located north of the Amazonia and south of the Orinoco River. Comprising a heavily forested plateau, they cover the southern half of Venezuela, all of the Guianas except for the low Atlantic coastal plain, the northern part of Brazil, and a portion of southeastern Colombia. They are geologically similar to the Brazilian Highlands, from which they are separated by the eastern part of the Amazone lowlands. The terrain comprises a mixture of three ascending elements: a basement of rolling hilly upland, standing mostly less than 1,000 feet (300 metres) above sea level; low mountains, near stream divides, ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 feet (600 to 900 metres) above sea level; and tabular plateaus, capped with resistant sandstone. The highest elevations are formed by the tabular plateaus, such as Roraima Massif (9,094 feet [2,772 metres]), where the boundaries of Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana meet. The Guiana Highlands extend westward across the Upper Orinoco (Britannica).

MAP OF THE GUYANA SHIELD AND HIGHLIGHTS THE MASSIFS WITH TEPUI-LIFE-ZONE OF BRAZILIAN TERRITORY 

Below, brief presentations of the three tepuis in Brazilian territory.

NEBLINA MASSIF ‣ represents one of the most interesting sandstone massifs of the Guayana Highlands because of its elevation and extensive summit plateaus between 2000 and 2,993 m; the massif is dissected by a large, deep valley called the Cañon Grande that is drained by the headwaters of the río Mawarinuma. Currently the Venezuelan portion of this region is among the most pristine places on earth, and is a well recognized center of Neotropical plant endemism. Neblina Massif, like the other tabletop sandstone mountains (tepuis) on the Guayana Shield, is formed by a layer of sandstone (the Roraima formation) that lies over an igneous, much older basement dated at ca. 3.5 billion years. For expeditions for this mountains, see Hike and Fly Brasil (LINK).

LOCATION, GENERAL APPEARANCE AND SOME LOCATIONS IN NEBLINA MASSIF (FOR ORIGINAL SIZE OPEN IN A NEW TAB)

ARACÁ MASSIF ‣ located at 00º51' - 57'N and 6º30'14-24' W, approximately 200 km north of the town of Barcelos on the Rio Negro in Amazonas State, Brazil. It is the southernmost extension of the Roraima Formation, consisting of Upper Precambrian quartzitic sandstone with intrusions of volcanic rock, and was formed into its present table mountain shape by the gradual erosion of the softer sandstone rocks. The plateau is at about 1000- 1600 m above sea level and there are steep sandstone cliffs on the southern and western sides, leading to talus slopes that drop down to the sandy plain at 100 m altitude. The northern and eastern sides of Aracá Massif merge into the Curupira Highs, a range of granitic mountains. The highest part of Aracá Massif is a granitic dome that rises from the extreme north of the western part of the plateau to 1600 m. The soil of the plateau is thin, sandy and rocky and acidic. In some areas peat has accumulated and consequently the streams that flow from the plateau are black water. Much of the plateau is waterlogged during the rainy season (from April to November) and quite dry during the dry season (December to March). The two main rivers leave the plateau over spectacular waterfalls with drops of about 700 and 900 m, respectively. Night temperatures on the plateau reached a low of 5°C in February (Prance & Johnson, Kew Bulletin, 1992).

LOCATION, GENERAL APPEARANCE AND SOME LOCATIONS IN ARACA MASSIF (FOR ORIGINAL SIZE OPEN IN A NEW TAB)

RORAIMA MASSIF ‣ Roraima Massif is the highest of the Pakaraima chain of tepuis (table-top mountain) or plateaux in South America. It is located at the junction of Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana. A characteristic large flat-topped mountain surrounded by cliffs 400 to 1,000 meters high. The highest point of Roraima Massif is located on the southern edge of the cliff at an altitude of 2,810 meters in Venezuela, and another protrusion at an altitude of 2,772 meters at the junction of the three countries in the north of the plateau is the highest point in Guyana. The name of 'Roraima' came from the native Pemon people. Roroi in the Pemon language means 'blue-green', and ma means 'great' (Wikipedia).

LOCATION, GENERAL APPEARANCE AND SOME LOCATIONS IN RORAIMA MASSIF (FOR ORIGINAL SIZE OPEN IN A NEW TAB)

BRAZIL ✕ MEXICO/COLOMBIA: BOTANY

Here, we list in botanical order only the orders and families that occur in the New World.

LAURALES

SIPARUNACEAE

Colombia leads in Siparuna (32 ✕ 19), the single New World genus.

LAURACEAE ‣ All New World genera in South America except Lindera (94, 91 in Asia to Queensland, 3 in SE Canada to C & E U.S.A.), Litsea (397, 387 in tropical & subtropical Asia, and 10 in SE. U.S.A. to Costa Rica), Sassafras (3, 2 in S China to Vietnam, Taiwan, 1 in SE Canada to C & E U.S.A.), Umbellularia (1, Oregon to NW México) and Tamala (3, SE U.S.A. to E Texas, Bahamas).

Three South America genera does not occur in Brazil: Yasunia (2), Chlorocardium (3) and Andea (25), and Brazil has three endemic genera.

Mexico leads against Brazil only in 4 genera: Umbellaria, Litsea (both Brazilian absents), Beilschmiedia (10 ✕ 8) and Damburneya (14 ✕ 1).

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MONIMIACEAE

All New World genera occur in Brazil except Peumus and Laureliopsis from Argentina and Chile. Compared to Mexico and Colombia, Brazil leads in species diversity in all New World tropical genera.

HERNANDIACEAE

Mexico leads in Gyrocarpus (4 ✕ 1) and Hernandia (4 ✕ 1) against Brazil. Colombia leads in Hernandia (2 ✕ 1) against Brazil.

CANELLALES

CANELLACEAE

Family absent in Colombia. Mexico (Canella) 1 ✕ 6 (Cinnamodendron) 6 Brazil.

WINTERACEAE

In New World, Brazil and Chile lead with 3 spp. each.

PIPERALES

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ‣ Brazil leads in species over Colombia and Mexico.

HYDNORACEAE ‣ family absent in Mexico and Colombia.

PIPERACEAE ‣ Brazil leads/tied over Colombia and Mexico in genera. Among common genera, Colombia leads in Peperomia (267 ✕ 184) and Piper (425 ✕ 308). Brazil leads over Mexico in all genera.

CERATOPHYLLALES

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Brazil, Colombia and Mexico has the same species in this order.

DILLENIALES

DILLENIACEAE

All New World genera occur in Brazil. All genera leads by Brazil except Neodillenia leading by Colombia (2 ✕ 1).

CARYOPHYLLALES

DROSERACEAE ‣ Brazil leads absolutely against Colombia and Mexico.
GENTIANALES

LOGANIACEAE ‣ all New World genera in Brazil. Brazil leads in all genera among Mexico and Colombia.

GELSEMIACEAE ‣ Brazil and Mexico has two spp. both. Absent in Colombia.

SOLANALES

HYDROLEACEAE ‣ Brazil, Mexico and Colombia two spp. each.

CONVOLVULACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 4 brazilian outsiders (Decalobanthus, Itzaea, Petrogenia and Porana) and Brazil includes 5 mexican outsiders (Calycobolus, Daustinia, Dicranostyles, Lysiostyles and Tetralocularia). Among common genera, Mexico leads in Cressa (2 ✕ 1), Cuscuta (65 ✕ 22) and Calystegia (5 ✕ 1). Decalobanthus and Porana are strong disjunctions favorable to Mexico. Brazil leads full over Colombian genera and species.

SOLANACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 15 brazilian outsiders: Browallia (2), Cuatresia (1), Datura (14), Hunzikeria (3), Jaltomata (6), Merinthopodium (1), Plowmania (1), Schultesianthus (3) and 7 genera in Physaleae (Cataracta endemic). Brazil has 13 unmexican genera - advantage for Mexico. Colombia includes 11 unbrazilian genera: Browallia (Cestroideae), Exodeconus (Exodeconeae), Doselia, Merinthopodium, Poortmannia, Schultesianthus, Trianaea (Solandreae), Jaltomata (Solaneae), Cuatresia, Deprea and Saracha (Physaleae). Brazil and Colombia tied in number of genera.

Among common genera, Colombia leads in Brugmansia (4 ✕ 2), Cestrum (49 ✕ 45), Iochroma (5 ✕ 1), Juanulloa (4 ✕ 2), Lycianthes (21 ✕ 10), Markea (9 ✕ 4), Sessea (8 ✕ 1) and Witheringia (5 ✕ 1). Mexico leads in Physalis (77 ✕ 4), Lycianthes (47 ✕ 10), Cestrum (56 ✕ 45), Lycium (20 ✕ 3), Solandra (6 ✕ 4), Witheringia (5 ✕ 1) and Bouchetia (3 ✕ 1).

LAMIALES

OLEACEAE ‣ Mexico includes br-outliers Cartrema, Fraxinus, Hesperalea and Forestiera. Brazil leads in Chionanthus against Mexico and Colombia. Mexico leads in Menodora. Priogymnanthus does not occur in Mexico.

TETRACHONDRACEAE ‣ only one sp. in tropical America, Polypremum procumbens L., from C & SE U.S.A. to America Central, Caribbean, NE Colombia to Suriname.

PELTANTHERACEAE ‣ a single species, Peltanthera floribunda Benth. & Hook.f., from Costa Rica to Bolivia.

CALCEOLARIACEAE ‣ 21 spp. in Colombia and 4 in Mexico. Only one in Brazil.

GESNERIACEAE ‣ Brazil and Mexico has equal number of genera. Mexico includes 15 Brazilian outsiders: Achimenes (24), Alloplectus (1), Alsobia (5), Amalophyllon (3), Eucodonia (2), Gasteranthus (1), Glossoloma (2), Kohleria (3), Moussonia (19), Niphaea (3), Pachycaulos (1), Rhynchoglossum (1), Smithiantha (6), Solenophora (13), Trichodrymonia (1). Among 12 common genera, Mexico leads only in Columnea (10 ✕ 7) and Diastema (2 ✕ 1).

PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 30 genera, Brazil 21. Mexico includes 21 Brazilian outsiders genera: Collinsia (3), Epixiphium (1), Gambelia (4), Hippuris (1), Keckiella (3), Linaria (2), Lophospermum (7), Mabrya (5), Maurandella (1), Maurandya (2), Mohavea (1), Neogaerrhinum (2), Penstemon (64), Pseudorontium (1), Rhodochiton (3), Russelia (45), Sairocarpus (4), Schistophragma (4), Sibthorpia (1), Tetranema (2) and Uroskinnera (3). Among the nine common genera, Mexico leads in Callitriche (6 ✕ 3), Plantago (20 ✕ 19), Stemodia (15 ✕ 11) and Veronica (5 ✕ 1).

Colombia has 19 genera, two fewer Brazil. Colombia includes Brazil outsiders Aragoa (17), Linaria (1), Ourisia (2), Russelia (1), Schistophragma (1) and Sibthorpia (1). Among common genera, Colombia leads in Callitriche (6 ✕ 3) and Veronica (2 ✕ 1).

SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Brazilian outsiders Alonsoa (1), Eremogeton (1), Leucophyllum (17) and Scrophularia (3). Among common genera, Mexico leads in Capraria (5 ✕ 1) and Limosella (2 ✕ 1). Both countries tied in Buddleja. Colombia has Alonsoa (2) and leads in Limosella (2 ✕ 1).

LINDERNIACEAE ‣ Brazil leads against Mexico and Colombia in all common genera (all colombian and mexican genera occur in Brazil).

VERBENACEAE ‣ Brazil has 14 genera and Mexico has 13. Mexico includes one Brazilian outsider: Rehdera (2), and leads in Bouchea (6 ✕ 4), Citharexylum (38 ✕ 7), Duranta (3 ✕ 1), Phyla (4 ✕ 2), Priva (6 ✕ 2) and Tamonea (3 ✕ 2). Colombia includes one genus absent in Brazil: Junellia (1), and leads in Citharexylum (10 ✕ 7) and Duranta (9 ✕ 1).

SCHLEGELIACEAE ‣ Colombia includes two genera absent in Brazil: Exarata (1) and Gibsoniothamnus (1), and leads in Schlegelia (16 ✕ 6). Mexico includes Gibsoniothamnus (1).

MARTYNIACEAE ‣ Mexico and Brazil are fully disjunct in genera. Mexico includes Martynia (2) and Proboscidea (6).

BIGNONIACEAE ‣ Colombia has more genera tham Brazil in Bignoniaceae. Colombia inludes 8 Brazilian outsiders Amphitecna (3), Delostoma (1), Eccremocarpus (1), Parmentiera (1), Romeroa (1), Roseodendron (2), Tecoma (1) and Tourretia (1). Mexico includes 8 Brazilian outsiders: Amphitecna (12), Astianthus (1), Chilopsis (1), Parmentiera (3), Roseodendron (1), Tecoma (1) and Tourretia (1). Among shared genera, Colombia leads only in Crescentia (2 ✕ 1). Among shared genera, Mexico leads also only in Crescentia (3 ✕ 1).

ASTERALES

MENYANTHACEAE ‣ Brazil, Mexico and Colombia has two spp. each. Colombia has a endemic species.