LAND PLANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA

The Embryophyta, or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as sister of the Zygnematophyceae. Living embryophytes therefore include hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. The tree below is one of the most consensual about the evolution of the group (Wikipedia). Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed taxonomic division containing three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The most complete data from bryophytes in Neotropics is Hallingbäck and Nick Hodgetts (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts, 2000), assignated here as [1]; some data also in Delgadillo (Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico, 2000). BRAZIL ✕ COLOMBIA/MEXICO In summary, Colombia has advantage of 5 spp. against Brazil in Marchantiophyta (no advantage in genera), 65 spp. in Bryophyta (no advantagem in genera), and none advantages in Anthocerophyta. Mexico no has advantages against Brazil in Marchantiophyta and Anthocerophyta, and an advantage of 4 families, 57 genera and 114 spp. in Bryophyta. PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF VIRIDIPLANTAE MARCHANTIOPHYTA Liverworts has (87:386/)7,273 spp. worldwide, by Lars Söderström et al. (PhytoKeys, 2016). Colombia has (37:134/)703 spp. (37 endemics; CTLC, BOOK, 2016); Brazil has (39:132/)698 spp. (Reflora, 2023; 143 endemics). Brazil has 3 families absents in Colombia (Chonecoleaceae, Oxymitraceae, Sphaerocarpaceae); Colombia has one family absent in Brazil: Pseudolepicoleaceae (3/3 in country). Mexico includes (122:)592 spp. [1] and varieties in this class (Delgadillo-Moya, Botanical Sciences, 2022). By [1], endemic genera occur in northern Andes (7), Amazonia (5), Guianan Highlands (4), SE Brazil (2, Pluvianthus, Vittalianthus), and Chocó (1); Geocalycaceae is placed under Lophocoleaceae in CPLC, and Solenostomataceae under Jungermanniaceae. BRYOPHYTA Mosses has c. 12,000 spp. worldwide (Wikipedia). Colombia has (65:261/)932 spp. (52 endemics; CTLC, BOOK, 2016). Brazil has (71:268/)867 spp. (209 endemics; largest diveristy of genera, 8 endemics, Costa, D.P. et al., The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2023). Mexico has (75:325/)984 spp. (Delgadillo-Moya, Rev. Mex. Biodiv. vol.85, 2014). By [1], endemic genera occur in central Andes (12), Mexico (7), SE Brazil (5, Cladostomum, Crumuscus, Itatiella, Moseniella, Paranapiacabaea), northern Andes (4), Caribbean (3), Central America (2), Amazonia (2), and Guianas Highlands (2). ANTHOCEROPHYTA Hornworts has (5:12/)213 spp. worldwide, by Lars Söderström et al. (PhytoKeys, 2016). Anthocerotaceae (2/78) Anthoceros L. (60). Folioceros D.C.Bharadwaj (18) Dendrocerotaceae (4/70) Dendroceros Nees (41) Megaceros Campb. (11) Nothoceros (R.M.Schust.) J.Haseg (10) Phaeomegaceros R.J.Duff (8) Phymatocerotaceae (1/2) Phymatoceros Stotler (2) Notothyladoideae (1/22) Notothylas Sull. ex A.Gray (22) Phaeocerotoideae (3/40) Mesoceros Piippo (2) Paraphymatoceros Hässel (4) Phaeoceros Prosk. (34) Leiosporocerotaceae (1/1) Leiosporoceros Hässel (1) Gradstein (Caldasia, 2018) cites (4:7/)15 spp. in Colombia. Brazil has (4:7/)18 spp. (Reflora, 2023, 3 endemics). Notothyladaceae has identical genera in both countries. Dendrocerotaceae has a genus in Colombia absent in Brazil (Phaeomegaceros R.J.Duff); Brazil has one genus in Anthocerotaceae absent in Colombia (Folioceros DC); and both countries has a exclusive family againt the other: Phymatocerotaceae (Phymatoceros Stotler, W.T. Doyle & Crand.-Stotl.) in Brazil, and Leiosporoceroaceae (Leiospoceros Hässel) in Colombia. Mexico has (3:3/)9 spp. in this class, among Anthoceros, Nothoceros and Phaeoceros, plus at least 7 undescribeds (Delgadillo-Moya, Botanical Sciences, 2022), 3 endemics.

LYCOPHYTES

Lycophyta are a group of vascular plants, one of the oldest lineages of extant vascular plants; the group contains extinct plants that have been dated from the Silurian (ca. 425 M years ago); also were some of the dominating plant species of the Carboniferous period, and included the tree-like Lepidodendrales, some of which grew over 40m in height, although extant lycophytes are relatively small plants (Wikipedia). Via Home et al. (Freie University, Berlin), Lycophytes and Monilophytes are sucessive sisters of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. All data below follows the World Ferns website (SEE). ISOETALES A single family in this order, Isoetaceae, and a single genus, Isoetes L., with 204 spp., subcosmopolitan. 37 in U.S.A., 32 in Brazil (24⋵), 12 in Colombia and 8 in Mexico. BRAZIL NEW SCENARY To surpass the U.S.A, Brazil would only need six new species of Isoetes. LYCOPODIALES A single family, Lycopodiaceae (17/)492 spp. Largest diversities in New World are Colombia (8/94, 75 in Phlegmariurus), Brazil (9/62), U.S.A. (8/23, 1/3 in Huperzia) and Mexico (6/23, 17 in Phlegmariurus). Brazil leads Mexico in all Mexican genera except tied status in Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1) and lose in Huperzia (2 ✕ 1). Brazil leads Colombia in all Colombian genera except tied status in Lycopodiella (4 ✕ 4), Austrolycopodium (1 ✕ 1), Diphasium (1 ✕ 1), Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1) and lose in Palhinhaea (8 ✕ 6) and Phlegmariurus (75 ✕ 39). BRAZIL NEW SCENARY To decisively surpass its rivals Mexico and Colombia, Brazil would need new species of Phlegmariurus (37 new), Palhinhaea (3 new), Huperzia (2 new), Lycopodium (1 new), Lycopodiella (1 new), Austrolycopodium (1 new), and Diphasium (1 new). With these 46 additional species, Brazil would reach (9/)108 species in the group. LYCOPODIELLOOIDEAE (5/57) Brownseya (Kunze) Li Bing Zhang, L.D.Sheph., D.K.Chen, X.M.Zhou & H.He (1, Australia, Papuasia, New Zealand, New Caledonia). Lateristachys Holub. (3, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand). Lycopodiella Holub. 12 spp., holarctic and tropical America, six in U.S.A., 4 in Colombia and 4 in Brazil, none in Mexico. Palhinhaea Franco & Vasconcellos. 25 spp., pantropical, 8 in Colombia, six in Brazil, only one in Mexico and U.S.A. Pseudolycopodiella Holub. 16 spp., widely scattered worldwide, 7 in Brazil, 3 in Colombia, two in U.S.A., only one in Mexico. LYCOPODIOIDEAE (9/45) Austrolycopodium Holub. 7 spp., temperate southern hemisphere, mostly circumantarctic, one to tropical Africa, Brazil and Colombia one each. Dendrolycopodium Haines. 5 spp., North America (3 in U.S.A.) and E Asia. Diphasiastrum Holub. 17 spp., temperate northern hemisphere (5 in U.S.A.), one in South Africa and Madagascar, two to tropical America: D. thyoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Holub widely from Mexico to Uruguay, except Chile and Caribbean, and D. falcatum B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch endemic to SE Brazil Diphasium Presl ex Rothmaler. 4 spp., D. jussiaei (Desv. ex Poir.) Rothm. in Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil, D. gayanum (J.Rémy) Holub in Chile and Argentina, D. lawessonianum (B.Øllg.) B.Øllg. endemic to Ecuador, and D. cariosum (G.Forst.) Rothm. from Philippines and Borneo to New Zealand. Lycopodiastrum Holub ex Dixit. (1, Asia). Lycopodium L. 7 spp., mainly temperate and subarctic regions, three in New World, one continentaly confined to Canada and U.S.A., L. cernua L. widely in almost all New World, and L. vestitum Desv. ex Poir. from Peru and Ecuador, possibly in Venezuela. Pseudodiphasium Holub. (1, Asia, Australia, New Zealand). Pseudolycopodium Holub. (1, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia). Spinulum Haines. Two spp., S. lioui Li Bing Zhang & H.He (Russian Far East, China, Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan) and S. annotinum (L.) A.Haines (over Europe, Caucasus, Turkyie, Kazakhstan, Alaska to S U.S.A.). HUPERZIOIDEAE (3/370) Huperzia Bernhardi. 62 spp., 7 in U.S.A., two in Mexico, one in Brazil (endemic), none in Colombia. Phlegmariurus Holub. 307 spp., worldwide pantropical. 75 in Colombia, 39 in Brazil, 17 in Mexico and only one in U.S.A. Phlegmariurus ruber (Cham. & Schlecht.) B.Øllg., endemic to ferruginous places in Minas Gerais state, SE Brazil Phylloglossum Kunze. (1, Australia and New Zealand). SELAGINELLALES A single family, Selaginellaceae, with (19/)770 spp. and nine genera in New World. U.S.A includes 7 genera (one endemic, and Lepidoselaginella, Valdespinoa and Selaginoides absent in Brazil), Mexico six (Didiclis and Lepidoselaginella absents in Brazil), Colombia six (Didiclis absent in Brazil), and Brazil includes only five (Gymnogynum, Bryodesma, Megaloselaginella, Pulviniella and Selaginella). Largest diversities in New World by genera priority criteria: Colombia (6/97), Brazil (5/81), U.S.A. (7/36) and Mexico (6/80). Brazil and Colombia tied in Bryodesma, Megalosellaginella and Pulviniella. Brazil lose for Mexico in Bryodesma (21 ✕ 2) and Pulviniella (2 ✕ 1). Brazil lose for Colombia in Gymnogynum (24 ✕ 16) and Selaginella (67 ✕ 60). BRAZIL NEW SCENARY With the addition of three new genera, Brazil would surpass the U.S.A. under this criterion, although one of them would have to be endemic in order to truly rival its American counterpart. In order to overtake Mexico and Colombia individually in number of species in each genera, the new taxa would need to be distributed as follows: Megalosellaginella (1 new species), Bryodesma (20 new), Pulviniella (2 new), Gymnogynum (9 new), and Selaginella (8 new), totaling 39 species. With three new genera and 39 new species, Brazil would reach 8 genera and 120 species overall. SELAGINELLOIDEAE Selaginoides ‣ two sp., S. spinulosa from Artic to Nevada, Colorado, Maine, Mediterranean, Caucasus and souther Russia, also in Japan, and S. deflexa endemic to Hawaii. BOREOSELAGINELLOIDAE Boreoselaginella ‣ 6, E Asia to Russia. GYMNOGYNOIDEAE Afroselaginella (4, endemic to Africa). Megaloselaginella Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Three spp., two from Costa Rica to N Brazil (one a venezuelan endemic, Colombia and Brazil one each), one in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Gymnogynum P.Beauv. 48 spp., mostly tropical America, 1 tropical Africa, 1 in Asia; 24 in Colombia, 16 in Brazil and 7 in Mexico. Ericetorum (8, Africa, Madagascar and Australia). Lepidoselaginella Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Three spp. from Mexico, L. lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou up to SW U.S.A. in north and Costa Rica in south. Bryodesma Soják. 56 spp., almost cosmopolitan, mostly in temperate areas, many in U.S.A. (27) and Mexico (21). Colombia and Brazil two each. SINOSELAGINELLOIDEAE (absent in New World) Austroselaginella ‣ 4, endemic to Australia. Korallia ‣ 15, Madagascar and adjacent islands. Sinoselaginella ‣ 5, China extending to the Arabic area and E Africa. PULVINELLIOIDEAE Pulviniella ‣ 17 spp., scattered almost cosmopolitan, several in China, 3 in New World: P. convoluta from Mexico to Brazil, Paraguay and Caribbean, P. gypsophila from Mexico, and P. pilifera from SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico. LYCOPODIOIDOIDEAE (South American absent in Brazil) Hypopterygiopsis ‣ 170, Asia and Pacific islands and a few in Africa and Madagascar. Didiclis ‣ 70 spp., Africa, Asia, and Australasia, only one in New World, D. hoffmannii, from Mexico do Ecuador. Lycopodioides ‣ 12, Eurasia. Valdespinoa ‣ only one sp., endemic to NW U.S.A. SELAGINELLOIDEAE Chuselaginella ‣ 70, Africa, Asia, Australia and southern Pacific islands. Kungiselaginella ‣ 12, Asia. Selaginella ‣ 231 spp., New World, mostly tropical America, only very few tropical Africa. 67 in Colombia, 60 in Brazil, 45 in Mexico, and only 4 in U.S.A. Simplified maximum likelihood phylogeny of Selaginellaceae based on plastid rbcL and five nuclear markers

MONILOPHYTES

Via Home et al. (Freie University, Berlin), the tree of Lycophytes and Monilophytes are sucessive sisters of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. A checklist of all Lycophytes and Monilophytes is available in World Ferns (SEE). LYCOPHYTES + MONILOPHYTES 12 largest world diversities are China (1,973 | 644 endemics), Colombia (1,748 | 198 endemics), Ecuador (1,533 | 191 endemics), Brazil (1,421 | 508 endemic), New Guinea (1,350 | 572 endemics), Peru (1,292 | 139 endemics), Venezuela (1,262 | 138 endemics), Bolivia (1,196 | 141 endemics), Costa Rica (1,172 | 114 endemics), Borneo (1,083 | 247 endemics), India (1,052 | 66 endemics) and Mexico (1,053 | 200 endemics), by World Ferns (SEE). Largest amounts of endemic species are China (644), New Guinea (572), Brazil (508), Madagascar (386), Borneo (265), Philippines (247), Mexico (200) and Colombia (198). National endemics includes genera only in Mexico (Baja, Baja California region), Papua New Guinea (Rheopteris), China (Trichoneuron and Cleistoblechnum), Australia (Howeogrammitis, Lord Howe), Indonesia (Xyropteris, Borneo and Sumatra), U.S.A. (Sadleria, Adenophorus and Hoiokula, all in Hawaii), New Zealand (Loxsoma, Icarus), Colombia (Luisma, Risaralda), New Caledonia (Stromatopteris, Grammitastrum, Thalassogrammitis), Philippines (Podosorus, Isabela: San Mariano, Barangay Disulap), Chile (Thyrsopteris, Juan Fernandes), South Korea (Mankyua, Cheju Is.) and South Africa (Rhizoglossum, W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.). COMPARATIONS Monilophytes has 11 orders, 48 families and 365 genera worldwide. 42 families in New World, 36 in Brazil. New World includes 198 genera in Monilophytes, being 147 in Brazil and 51 absents. Families absent in New World: Matoniaceae, Dipteridaceae, Cystodiaceae, Hypodematiaceae, Rhachidosoraceae and Davalliaceae. New World families absents in Brazil (with New World distribution): Thyrsopteridaceae (Juan Fernandes, Chile), Cibotiaceae (Mexico to Nicaragua), Loxsomataceae (Costa Rica, Colombia to Bolivia), Diplaziopsidaceae (U.S.A./Canada), Arthropteridaceae (Juan Fernandes, Chile) and Onocleaceae (Canada to Guatemala). Except chilean endemic Thyrsopteridaceae and Onocleaceae, all families are disjunctly distributed. NEW WORLD GENERA ABSENT IN BRAZIL All orders except Cyatheales and Polypodiales: 34 genera in New World, 28 in Brazil and six absents: Botrychium (AR, CH), Marattia (MX, AMC), Claytosmunda (CAN, USA), Crepidomanes (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, CAR), Diplopterygium (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, CAR) and Microschizaea (AR, CH). Cyatheales: 12 genera in New World, 9 in Brazil and 3 absents: Thyrsopteris (CH), Cibotium (MX, AMC) and Loxsomopsis (AMC, CL, EC, PR, BL), all nationally disjuncts. Polypodiales: 152 genera in New World, 110 in Brazil and 42 absents: Odontosoria (MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Sphenomeris (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Homalosurus (CN, USA), Arthopteris (CH), Gymnocarpium (CN, USA), Woodsia (CN, USA), Deparia (USA), Ephemeropteris (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC), Matteuccia (CN, USA), Onoclea (CN, USA), Onocleopsis (MX, AMC), Loxogramme (MX, AMC), Platycerium (OW, PR, BL), Synammia (AR, CH), Adetogramma (EC, PR, BL, AR), Lomaphlebia (CB, JM), Ascogrammitis (MX, AMC, CAR, GU, VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Galactodenia (MX, AMC, CAR, VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Luisma (CL), Notogrammitis (OW, AR, CH), Maxonia (AMC, CAR, USA, CL, EC), Polystichopsis (CAR, VZ), Atalopteris (CAR), Phegopteris (OW, USA), Thelypteris (OW, USA, CN, MX, CB, PR), Coryphopteris (OW, CN, USA), Oreopteris (OW, CAN, USA), Leptogramma (OW, U.S.A., MX, AMC), Cryptogramma (OW, CN, USA, AR, CH), Llavea (MX, AMC), Scoliosurus (MX, AMC), Baja (MX), Bommeria (USA, MX, AMC), Myriopteris (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Astrolepis (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Mildella (OW, MX, AMC, CAR, EC), Notholaena (USA, MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Cheiloplecton (MX, AMC), Pentagramma (USA, MX), Aleuritopteris (OW, MX, AMC, CL, EC, PR, BL), Gaga (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, AR) and Aspidotis (CN, USA, MX). MEXICAN GENERA ABSENT IN BRAZIL All orders except Cyatheales and Polypodiales: Marattia (MX, AMC), Crepidomanes (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, CAR) and Diplopterygium (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, CAR). Cyatheales: Cibotium (MX, AMC). Polypodiales: Odontosoria (MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Sphenomeris (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Ephemeropteris (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC), Onocleopsis (MX, AMC), Loxogramme (MX, AMC), Ascogrammitis (MX, AMC, CAR, GU, VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Galactodenia (MX, AMC, CAR, VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Thelypteris (OW, USA, CN, MX, CB, PR), Leptogramma (OW, U.S.A., MX, AMC), Llavea (MX, AMC), Scoliosurus (MX, AMC), Baja (MX), Bommeria (USA, MX, AMC), Myriopteris (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Astrolepis (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Mildella (OW, MX, AMC, CAR, EC), Notholaena (USA, MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Cheiloplecton (MX, AMC), Pentagramma (USA, MX), Aleuritopteris (OW, MX, AMC, CL, EC, PR, BL), Gaga (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, AR) and Aspidotis (CN, USA, MX). COLOMBIAN GENERA ABSENT IN BRAZIL All orders except Cyatheales and Polypodiales: Crepidomanes (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, CAR) and Diplopterygium (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, CAR). Cyatheales: Loxsomopsis (AMC, CL, EC, PR, BL). Polypodiales: Odontosoria (MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Sphenomeris (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL), Ephemeropteris (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC), Ascogrammitis (MX, AMC, CAR, GU, VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Galactodenia (MX, AMC, CAR, VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Luisma (CL), Maxonia (AMC, CAR, USA, CL, EC), Myriopteris (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Astrolepis (USA, MX, AMC, CAR, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Notholaena (USA, MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Aleuritopteris (OW, MX, AMC, CL, EC, PR, BL) and Gaga (MX, AMC, CL, VZ, EC, PR, AR). COLOMBIAN ADVANTAGES AGAINST BRAZIL BY GENERA (NUMBER OF SPECIES MORE THAN BRAZIL) All orders except Cyatheales and Polypodiales: Hymenophyllum (22), Danaea (16), Sticherus (15), Trichomanes (6), Didymoglossum (2), Equisetum (1), Sceptridium (1), Psilotum (1), Polyphlebium (1), Lygodium (1) - 66 spp. Cyatheales: Cyathea (72), Alsophila (5), Dicksonia (2) and Sphaeropteris (2) - 81 spp. Polypodiales: Elaphoglossum (84), Jamesonia (31), Diplazium (31), Amauropelta (18), Parablechnum (12), Dennstaedtia (11), Tectaria (10), Lellingeria (10), Melpomene (9), Pteris (8), Pityrogramma (8), Alansmia (8), Meniscium (7), Radiovittaria (7), Campyloneurum (7), Serpocaulon (7), Stigmatopteris (6), Polybotrya (5), Mycopteris (4), Niphidium (4), Polystichum (4), Terpsichore (4), Megalastrum (4), Hymenasplenium (3), Steiropteris (3), Bolbitis (3), Hypolepis (3), Lomariopsis (3), Lomaridium (2), Pecluma (2), Polytaenium (2), Pleopeltis (2), Austroblechnum (2), Lomariocycas (2), Enterosora (2), Pellaea (2), Athyrium (1), Didymochlaena (1), Hypoderris (1), Grammitis (1), Mickelia (1), Dryopteris (1) - 336 spp. TAXONOMY OF MONILOPHYTES 1. EQUISETALES ‣ only a single family. 1.1 Equisetaceae (World Ferns) ‣ only one genus. Equisetum L ‣ 17 spp. and 26 hybrids. 4 spp. in Mexico (all in subg. Hypochaete), 3 in Colombia (in subg. Hypochaete and subg. Paramochaete) and two in Brazil (E. bogotense, E. giganteum). 2. OPHIOGLOSSALES (World Ferns) ‣ only a single family. 2.1 Ophioglossaceae ‣ New World outsiders: Mankyua B.Y.Sun, M.H.Kim & C.H.Kim (1, Korea), Rhizoglossum C.Presl. (1, South Africa), Ophioderma (Blume) Endl. (6, Africa to Japan, up to Pacific Islands), Helminthostachys Kaulf. (1, Asia to Australia), Japanobotrychum Masam. (2, Africa, Asia) and Sahashia Zhang & Zhang (1, Asia). Mexico has (5/)13 spp., Colombia (4/)7 and Brazil only (4/)6. Zhang & Zhang (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2022) broken Ophioglossum in four genera, three news, Goswamia, Haukia, and Whittieria. OPHIOGLOSSOIDEAE Cheiroglossa C.Presl. Two spp., one from Madagascar to Mauritius, one widely in New World from U.S.A. to Argentina and Caribbean. Ophioglossum L. 51 spp., almost worldwide. 7 in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia 3 each. BOTRYCHIOIDEAE Botrychium Sw. 36 spp., Holarctic, two spp. to Mexico, one temperate South America (Argentina and Chile). Botrypus Michx. Only one spp., widely distributed worldwide, inc. U.S.A., Mexico, Colombia and Brazil. Sceptridium Lyon. 23 spp., worldwide. Two in Mexico and Colombia, only one in Brazil. 3. PSILOTALES (World Ferns) ‣ only a single family. 3.1 Psilotaceae ‣ two genera. New World outsider: Tmesipteris Bernh. (16, Central & E Malesia to S. Pacific). Psilotum Sw. ‣ two spp., both in New World, P. nudum (L.) P. Beauv. in North America, Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Cono Sur, and P. complanatum Sw. from Mexico, Central America, West Indies and Colombia. 4. MARATTIALES (World Ferns) ‣ (6/) 180 spp. in a single family. 4.1 Marattiaceae ‣ New World outsiders: Angiopteris Hoffm. (53, W Indian Ocean, tropical & subtropical Asia to Pacific), Christensenia Maxon (1, S. Central China to tropical Asia) and Ptisana Murdock (37, tropical & subtropical Old World to Pacific). 33 spp. in Colombia, 18 in Brazil and 7 in Mexico. Danaea Sm. ‣ 79 spp., Mexico to S Brazil. Mexico has 4 spp. (none endemics), Colombia has 32 (10 endemics) and Brazil has only 16 (5 endemics). Eupodium J.Sm. ‣ 4 spp., one in Panamá to Argentina, one in Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Caribbean, and two endemics to Brazil. Marattia Sw. ‣ 6 spp., one in Hawai, 4 from Mexico (3) to Central America, and one in Caribbean. 5. OSMUNDALES (World Ferns) ‣ (6/)23 spp. in a single family, Osmudaceae. 5.1 Osmundaceae ‣ New World outsiders: Leptopteris C.Presl (6, Maluku to SW Pacific), Plenasium C.Presl (4, Asia) and Todea Willd. (2, Africa, New Guinea to Australasia). Claytosmunda (Y.Yatabe, N.Murak. & K.Iwats.) Metzgar & Rouhan ‣ a single sp., from Canada, U.S.A., Asia. Osmunda L. ‣ 9 spp., 7 in Old World, O. spectabilis Willd. from Canada to Uruguay and Caribbean, and O. bradei endemic to dry savanas in C Brazil. Osmundastrum C.Presl ‣ only one sp., O. cinnamomeum (L.) C.Presl, from temp. Asia to Indo-China and Canada to Argentina and Caribbean. 6. HYMENOPHYLLALES (World Ferns) ‣ (9/)557 spp. New World outsiders: Cephalomanes C.Presl (5, Old World) and Callistopteris Copel. (5, Old World, Hawaii). 6.1 Hymenophyllaceae ‣ two genera; 131 spp. in Colombia, 99 in Brazil, 47 in Mexico. Hymenophyllum Sm. 303 spp., pantropical, mostly neotropical. 62 spp. in Colombia, 40 in Brazil, 22 in Mexico. Abrodictyum C.Presl. 31 spp., tropics, mostly Old World, only few New World. Brazil and Colombia two species each, Mexico only one. Trichomanes L. 75 spp., mostly neotropics, but 5 trop. Africa, Madagascar and Indian Ocean, one in Malesia. Colombia has 43 spp., Brazil 37 and Mexico only 8. Polyphlebium Copel. 16 spp., southern temperate and mountain forests of low altitudes. 5 spp. in Colombia, 4 in Brazil and two in Mexico. Didymoglossum Desv. 52 spp., pantropical. 15 spp. in Colombia, 13 in Brazil and 11 in Mexico. Crepidomanes (C.Presl) C.Presl. 44 spp., paleotropical and Pacific, only one New World, C. pyxidiferum (L.) Dubuisson & Ebihara, from Mexico to Venezuela, also in Bolivia and Caribbean. Vandenboschia Copel. 26 spp., pantropical. Brazil and Colombia 3 spp. each, Mexico two. 7. GLEICHENIALES (World Ferns) ‣ three families and 9 genera, inc. the unqiue two families in Monilophytes absents in New World. 7.1 Gleicheniaceae ‣ (7/)156 spp. New World outsiders: Gleichenia Sm. (15, Rwanda to S. Africa, W Indian Ocean, Amsterdam Island, Indo-China to SW Pacific), Rouxopteris Hong M.Liu. (1, Madagascar and Reunion) and Stromatopteris Mett. (1, New Caledonia). 33 spp. in Colombia, 20 in Brazil and 7 in Mexico. Dicranopteris Bernh. ‣ 27 spp., tropics and subtropics, 5 in Brazil (two endemics), only two in Colombia and one in Mexico. Diplopterygium (Diels) Nakai ‣ 21 spp., tropical & subtropical Asia to Pacific, one in New World, D. bancroftii (Hook.) A.R.Sm., from Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia, Caribbean, absent in Brazil. Gleichenella Ching ‣ only one sp., G. pectinata (Willd.) Ching, from Mexico to Guianas, Uruguay and Caribbean, absent in Argentina and Chile. Sticherus C.Presl ‣ 90 spp., Tanzania to S. Africa, W Indian Ocean, tropical & subtropical Asia to Pacific, 55 from Mexico to southen South America, Caribbean. 29 spp. in Colombia, 14 in Brazil and 4 in Mexico. 7.2 Matoniaceae ‣ two genera, absent in New World: Matonia R.Br. (2, Thailand to New Guinea) and Phanerosorus Copel. (2, Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea). 7.3 Dipteridaceae ‣ two genera, absent in New World: Cheiropleuria C.Presl. (3, S China and temp. E Asia to Indo-China and New Guinea) and Dipteris Reinw. (8, Tibet to Taiwan and NE Australia, also Pacific Islands). 8. SCHIZAEALES ‣ three families and 5 genera. 81 sp. in Brazil, 27 in Mexico and 28 in Colombia. 8.1 Schizaeaceae ‣ (3/)39 spp. Actinostachys Wall. ‣ 17 spp., tropical & subtropical America, W Indian Ocean to W Pacific. Three spp. in New World, two in Brazil and Colombia, one in Mexico. Microschizaea C.F.Reed. 7 spp., six from Malesia, Australia, New Zealand and Pacific (one up to southern Argentina and Chile), and one in Zimbabue and South Africa. Schizaea Sm. ‣ 15 spp., E Canada to tropical & S. South America, St. Helena, Tanzania to S. Africa, W Indian Ocean, tropical & subtropical Asia to Pacific. 7 spp. in Brazil, 6 in Colombia, two in Mexico. 8.2 Lygodiaceae ‣ a single genus. Lygodium Sw. ‣ 29 spp., subcosmopolitan; 7 spp. in New World, Colombia and Mexico three each, Brazil only two. 8.3 Anemiaceae ‣ four genera. Anemia Sw. ‣ 118 spp., New World, Africa, Madagascar and India. 69 spp. in Brazil, 21 in Mexico and 17 in Colombia. 9. SALVINIALES ‣ two families and 5 genera, all occur in Brazil. 9.1 Marsileaceae ‣ three genera. 8 spp. in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia 6 each. Marsilea L. ‣ 49 spp., cosmopolitan, 11 in New World. 7 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Colombia and Brazil each. Pilularia L. ‣ 7 spp., two endemics to South Africa, one endemic to Ethiopia, one in Australia and New Zealand, two from Europe to C Asia, and P. americana A.Braun from U.S.A. to NW Mexico, Colombia to Venezuela, Bolivia to S. Brazil and S South America. Regnellidium Lindm. ‣ only one sp., R. diphyllum Lindm., S Brazil to NE Argentina and Uruguay. 9.2 Salviniaceae ‣ (2/)17 spp. 10 spp. in Brazil, 6 in Colombia and 4 in Mexico. Azolla Lam. ‣ 6 spp., tropical & subtropical Old World, Canada to Tristan da Cunha, 5 in New World, three in Brazil and Colombia each, two in Mexico. Salvinia Ség. ‣ 11 spp., Mexico to Cono Sur, Africa, Eurasia, 10 in New World. 7 spp. in Brazil, 3 in Colombia and two in Mexico. 10. CYATHEALES (World Ferns) ‣ eight families, (13/)785 spp. Both Polypodiales and Cyatheales differ from other ferns in having a photoreceptor called a neochrome, which allows them to perform photosynthesis better in low-light conditions, such as in the shadows on the forest floor. The common ancestor of the two groups appears to have derived the neochrome via horizontal gene transfer from a hornwort. 10.1 Thyrsopteridaceae ‣ a single genus. Thyrsopteris Kunze ‣ only one sp., T. elegans Kunze, endemic to Juan Fernández Is. in Chile. 10.2 Loxsomataceae ‣ two genera. New World outsider: Loxsoma (1, New Zealand). Loxsomopsis Christ ‣ only one sp., L. pearcei Maxon, Costa Rica, and Colombia to Bolivia. 10.3 Culcitaceae ‣ a single genus. Culcita C.Presl ‣ two spp., C. coniifolia (Hook.) Maxon from S. Mexico to Bolivia and SE Brazil, and C. macrocarpa C.Presl from Macaronesia, N Portugal to NW & S. Spain. 10.4 Plagiogyriaceae ‣ a single genus. Plagiogyria (Kunze) Mett. ‣ 12 spp., 11 from Kuril Islands to tropical Asia, one in Mexico to tropical America, inc. Colombia and Brazil. 10.5 Cibotiaceae ‣ a single genus. Cibotium Kaulf. ‣ nine in E Asia and two from Mexico (one endemic) to Nicaragua (POWO). 10.6 Metaxyaceae ‣ a single genus. Metaxya C.Presl ‣ 6 spp. from Belize to center Brazil. Colombia and Brazil 4 spp. each. 10.7 Dicksoniaceae ‣ (3/)39 spp. New World outsiders: Calochlaena (Maxon) M.D.Turner & R.A.White (5, Malesia to SW Pacific). Dicksonia L'Hér. ‣ 32 spp. from Malesia to SW Pacific, Mexico to S. tropical America, St. Helena. 8 in New World, 3 in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico one each. Lophosoria C.Presl ‣ two spp., L. quadripinnata (J.F.Gmel.) C.Chr. from Caribbean, Mexico to Bolivia, also in SE Brazil and Cono Sur, and L. quesadae A.Rojas endemic to Costa Rica. 10.8 Cyatheaceae ‣ (4/)714 spp. All genera in South America. Alsophila R.Br. ‣ 249 spp., 44 in New World, 8 in Colombia, 3 in Brazil, only two in Mexico. Cyathea Sm. ‣ 315 spp., Mexico to tropical America, New Guinea to S. Pacific., c. 290 in New World, 126 spp. in Colombia, 54 in Brazil, and only 11 in Mexico. Gymnosphaera Blume ‣ 46 spp., mainly Old World, except by G. capensis (L.f.) S.Y.Dong from SE & S. Brazil, Tanzania to southern Africa, and G. salvinii (Hook.) S.Y.Dong from Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas) to Nicaragua, disjunct in SE Brazil (Minas Gerais). Sphaeropteris Bernh. ‣ 104 spp. from Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia, Caribbean, Nepal to S. China and S. Pacific. 6 in New World, 3 in Colombia, Mexico and Brazil one each. 11. POLYPODIALES ‣ 26 families. Polypodiales are unique in bearing sporangia with a vertical annulus interrupted by the stalk and stomium. Both Polypodiales and Cyatheales differ from other ferns in having a photoreceptor called a neochrome, which allows them to perform photosynthesis better in low-light conditions, such as in the shadows on the forest floor. The common ancestor of the two groups appears to have derived the neochrome via horizontal gene transfer from a hornwort. CURRENT PHYLOGENY OF POLIPODIALES (WIKIPEDIA) 11.1 Saccolomataceae (World Ferns) ‣ (2/)21 spp. New World outsiders: Orthiopteris Copel. (tropical Asia and W-Pacific (8), one in Madagascar). 4 spp. in Brazil, 3 in Colombia and 2 in Mexico. Saccoloma Kaulf ‣ 17 spp., tropical America. 9 spp. in Brazil, 5 in Colombia, only two in Mexico. 11.2 Cystodiaceae (World Ferns) ‣ a single genus and species, exclusive from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. 11.3 Lindsaeaceae (World Ferns) ‣ (7/)255 spp. New World outsiders: Nesolindsaea (2, Seychelles, Sri Lanka to Malesia), Osmolindsaea (7, S tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical & subtropical Asia), Tapeinidium (19, Indo-China to Nansei-shoto and Pacific), Xyropteris K.U.Kramer (1, endemic to Indonesia in Borneo and Sumatra). 37 spp. in Brazil, 31 in Colombia and 11 in Mexico. Lindsaea Dryand. ex Sm. ‣ 188 spp., cosmopolitan, 65 in New World. 37 spp. in Brazil, 26 in Colombia and only 8 in Mexico. Odontosoria (C.Presl) Fée ‣ 35 spp., 22 in Uganda to S. tropical Africa, W Indian Ocean, tropical & subtropical Asia, Hawaiian Islands, 13 in Mexico (2) to Colombia (3) and Caribbean. Sphenomeris Maxon ‣ 3 spp., one in S. Florida to Caribbean, Mexico (Chiapas), and two endemics to Colombia. 11.4 Lonchitidaceae (World Ferns) ‣ a single genus. Lonchitis L. ‣ two spp., L. hirsuta L. from Mexico to SE Brazil, and L. occidentalis Baker in tropical Africa and Madagascar. 11.5 Pteridaceae (World Ferns) ‣ 61 genera. Outsiders in New World: Actiniopteris Link (5, Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iran to Myanmar), Antrophyopsis (Benedict) Schuettp. (4, Africa, Indian Ocean), Antrophyum Kaulf. (39, tropical & subtropical Old World to Pacific), Austrogramme E.Fourn. (6, Philippines to New Caledonia), Calciphilopteris Yesilyurt & H.Schneid. (4, tropical Asia to S-China and N-Australia), Cerosora (Baker) Domin (4, S. DR Congo to S. Africa, W Indian Ocean, Himalaya to S. China and W Malesia), Coniogramme Fée (22, tropical Africa, E Russia to New Guinea and Pakistan), Cosentinia Tod. (1, Macaronesia, Medit. to W Himalaya and NE tropical Africa), Haplopteris C.Presl (41, tropical & subtropical Old World to Pacific), Mickelopteris Fraser-Jenk. (1, Asia), Oeosporangium Vis. (28, Old World), Onychium Kaulf. (11, NE tropical Africa, tropical & subtropical Asia to N Australia), Paragymnopteris K.H.Shing (6, Old World), Rheopteris Alston (1, Papua New Guinea), Syngramma J.Sm. (16, Indo-China to W Pacific), Taenitis Willd. ex Schkuhr (16, Hainan to tropical Asia and W Pacific) and Vaginularia Fée (6, Taiwan and Sumatra to Queensland). Acrostichum L. ‣ 3 spp., two in New World, both very widely distributed, inc. Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. Adiantopsis Fée ‣ 33 spp., New World. 13 spp. in Brazil, 4 in Colombia, two in Mexico. Adiantum L. ‣ cosmopolitan, 242 spp., 151 in New World. 66 spp. in Brazil, 42 in Colombia and 36 in Mexico. Aleuritopteris Fée ‣ 43 spp., mostly China, India, Indochina, three in Africa, one in Neotropics, inc. Mexico and Colombia, absent in Brazil. Ananthacorus Underw. & Maxon ‣ only one sp., A. angustifolius (Sw.) Underw. & Maxon, from Mexico to SE Brazil and Caribbean, inc. Colombia. Anogramma Link ‣ 3 spp., one from Brazil and adjacent Cono Sur, one in Indian region, another subcosmopolitan (inc. Brazil, Mexico and Colombia). Argyrochosma (J.Sm.) Windham ‣ 19 spp., New World, China. 12 spp. in Mexico, 3 in Brazil, one in Colombia. Aspidotis (Nutt. ex Hook.) Copel. ‣ 4 spp., Canada to Mexico. Astrolepis D.M.Benham & Windham ‣ 8 spp., New World. All in Mexico, one in Colombia, absent in Brazil. Baja Windham & L.O.George ‣ a single species, endemic to Baja California region in NW Mexico. Bommeria E.Fourn. ‣ 5 spp., U.S.A. to Nicaragua. Ceratopteris Brongn. ‣ 8 spp., 3 in New World, all widely in Old and New World. Brazil, Colombia and Mexico two each. Cheilanthes Sw. (Cheilanthes s.s. + C. bolborrhiza - micropteis group - spinoff 26 spp.). 89 spp., North and tropical America, some tropical Africa, Australia. 9 spp. in Brazil, 5 in Mexico, two in Colombia. Cheiloplecton Fée ‣ a single species, Mexico to Honduras. Cryptogramma R.Br. ‣ 9 spp., subarctic & temperate Northern Hemisphere, 4 in North America, one in southern Argentina and Chile. Doryopteris J.Sm. (Doryopteris Old World + Doryopteris New World block 1 + Doryopteris block 2) ‣ 38 spp., Tropical America, S-India, Malesia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, S-Pacific. Block 1 includes 5 spp. from Africa and Madagascar. Block 2 includes 4 spp. in Guyana region from Venezuela to Suriname and N Brazil (2 in region), and two endemics to SE & S Brazil. Block 3 includes 27 spp., widely in over range of genus, 17 in Brazil, 3 in Colombia and two in Mexico. Gaga Pryer, Fay W.Li & Windham ‣ 19 spp., SW U.S.A., Mexico and Central America to Argentina. 17 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Colombia, absent in Brazil. Gastoniella Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang ‣ 3 spp., one in Ascension, one endemic to Mexico, and G. chaerophylla (Desv.) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang from Mexico to Argentina and Brazil, also in Caribbean, absent in Colombia. Hecistopteris J.Sm. ‣ 3 spp., SW Mexico (1) to S Brazil (2); also in Colombia. Hemionitis L. ‣ 6 spp., tropical America. Brazil and Mexico 4 spp. each, two in Colombia. Jamesonia Hook. & Grev. ‣ 61 spp., tropical Andes (usually on high mountains), locally Mexico, Costa Rica, SE Brazil, one in Tristan da Cunha. 40 spp. in Colombia, 9 in Brazil, 5 in Mexico. Llavea Lag. ‣ only one sp. from Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Lytoneuron (Klotzsch) Yesilyurt ‣ 17 spp., South America. All species from Brazil, one up to N South America excluding Colombia, and two up to W & SW South America up to Ecuador in northern. Mildella Trevis ‣ 4 spp., Mexico (2), Central America, Caribbean and Ecuador, subtropical Asia. Mineirella Ponce & Scataglini ‣ 5 spp., South America. 4 spp. in Brazil, only one in Colombia. Myriopteris Fée ‣ 43 spp., North America to Chile and Caribbean, mostly Mexico, one in southern Africa. 34 spp. in Mexico, 6 in Colombia, absent in Brazil. Notholaena R.Br. ‣ 33 spp., New World. 28 spp. in Mexico, one in Colombia, absent in Brazil. Ormopteris J.Sm. ‣ 5 spp. from Brazil, one up to Venezuela and Bolivia. Pellaea Link ‣ 50 spp., SW-USA, Mexico, to Galapagos and Haiti, South Africa, few east to India, China and New Zealand, N-Spain. 15 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Colombia, only two in Brazil. Pentagramma Yatsk., Windham & E.Wollenw ‣ 5 spp., U.S.A. to NW Mexico. Pityrogramma Link ‣ 25 spp., tropical & subtropical America, E Central & E tropical Africa to Malawi, Madagascar. 12 spp. in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico 4 each. Polytaenium Desv. ‣ 13 spp., Mexico to Argentina and Caribbean. 7 spp. in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico 5 each. Pteris L. ‣ 341 spp., cosmopolitan, 77 in New World. 28 spp. in Colombia, 20 in Brazil and 18 in Mexico. Pterozonium Fée ‣ 14 spp., Costa Rica to Peru and N Brazil, mainly in venezuelan tepuis. 3 spp. in Brazil, two in Colombia. Radiovittaria (Benedict) E.H.Crane ‣ 10 spp., SE Mexico to S Brazil and Caribbean. 9 spp. in Colombia, two in Brazil, only one in Mexico. Scoliosorus T.Moore ‣ only one sp. from Mexico to Panamá. Trachyteris ‣ 4 spp., two from Ecuador to Argentina and Paraguay, one in Brazil, another in Madagascar. Tryonia Schuettp., J.Prado & A.T.Cochran ‣ 5 spp., one endemic to Colombia and 4 in Brazil, one up to Uruguay. Vittaria Sm. ‣ 7 spp., New World and Africa. Brazil and Mexico three spp. each, two in Colombia. 11.6 Dennstaedtiaceae (World Ferns) ‣ 11 genera, all in New World except Monachosorum Kunze (4, C-Himalaya and Yunnan to Honshu, Taiwan to Philippines and Borneo, New Guinea). Blotiella R.M.Tryon ‣ 21 spp., B. lindeniana (Hook.) R.M. Tryon from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Bolivia, SE & S Brazil, Caribbean, remaining 20 in tropical & S. Africa to W Indian Ocean. Dennstaedtia Bernh. ‣ 55 spp., mostly tropical, c. 24 in New World. 15 in Colombia, six in Mexico, only 4 in Brazil. Histiopteris (J.Agardh) J.Sm. ‣ 12 spp. from tropics of Old World, with H. incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm. also in tropical America (inc. Mexico, Colombia and Brazil). Hiya H.Shang ‣ 4 spp., Malesia (2), SW-Pacific (1), tropical America (H. nigrescens (Hook.) H.Shang, Mexico to Brazil and Caribbean). Hypolepis Bernh. ‣ 69 spp., tropics & subtropics to Tristan da Cunha, 52 in New World. 14 spp. in Colombia, 12 in Brazil and 9 in Mexico. Microlepia C.Presl ‣ 51 spp., tropical & subtropical Old World to Pacific, with M. speluncae (L.) T. Moore collected also in Cuba, Jamaica, Franch Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. Mucura L.A.Triana & Sundue ‣ two spp. in New World, both simultaneously in Mexico, Colombia and Brazil. Paesia A.St.-Hil. ‣ 12 spp., 9 from Taiwan, Malesia to S. Pacific and 3 from Costa Rica to SE Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica. Brazil and Colombia one each, absent in Mexico. Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. ‣ 4 spp., cosmopolitan, three very widespread (all in Mexico; Brazil and Colombia two each), one from India to Australia. 11.7 CYSTOPTERIDACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ three genera. New World outsider: Acystopteris Nakai (3, Himalaya to Japan and Malesia). Cystopteris Bernh. ‣ 23 spp., worldwide, mountains in tropics. 15 spp. in New World, 4 in Mexico, two in Brazil, absent in Colombia. Gymnocarpium Newman ‣ 9 spp., north temperate to New Guinea, fully absent in America Latina. 11.8 RHACHIDOSORACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ a single genus, absent in New World: Rhachidosorus Ching (8, Asia). 11.9 DIPLAZIOPSIDACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ two genera. New World outsider: Diplaziopsis C.Chr. (3, Asia). Homalosorus Small ex Pic.Serm. ‣ a single species, from U.S.A. and Canada. 11.10 PTERIDRYACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ (4/) 26 spp. New World outsiders: Malaifilix Li Bing Zhang & Schuettp. (1, Malesia region), Polydictyum C.Presl (4, Asia to Pacific) and Pteridrys C.Chr. & Ching (22, India to New Guinea). Draconopteris Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang ‣ two spp., two spp., one in Malesia region, another in Nicaragua to Bolivia and N Brazil. 11.11 ARTHROPTERIDACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ a single genus. Arthropteris J.Sm. ‣ 13 spp., paleotropical to south-temperate, mostly tropical Africa and Madagascar, two in Malesia, four in Australia, not in mainland New World, but one in Juan Fernandez Islands is., Chile. 11.12 ASPLENIACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ two genera, both in New World. Asplenium L. ‣ 768 spp., 257 in New World. 84 spp. in Mexico, 74 in Brazil and 73 in Colombia. Hymenasplenium Hayata ‣ 67 spp., 57 in Old World tropics and 10 in New World. 9 spp. in Colombia, 6 in Brazil and 4 in Mexico. 11.13 THELYPTERIDACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ 42 genera. New World outsiders: Abacopteris Fée (14, continental SE-Asia, Malesia, Australia, Africa), Amblovenatum J.P.Roux (7, Africa and Asia), Ampelopteris Kunze (1, Asia, Africa), Chingia Holttum (25, SE Asia to Australia), Cyclogramma Tagawa (9, N-India to S-China, Taiwan, Philippines), Glaphyropteridopsis Ching (11, E Asia), Grypothrix (Holttum) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm. (14, Indochina, Malesia to S-China and Australia), Hoiokula S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm. (2, Hawaii), Macrothelypteris (H.Itô) Ching (9, tropical/subtropical Asia, Malesia, Queensland, Pacific, Africa), Menisciopsis (Holttum) S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm. (7, Himalaya, Malesia, Pacific, Hawaii), Menisorus Alston (5, Africa), Mesophlebion Holttum (17, SE Asia), Mesopteris Ching (6, E Asia), Metathelypteris (H.Itô) Ching (17, E-Asia south to Malesia, Solomon Isl., Sri Lanka, Africa, Fernando Póo, São Tomé, South Africa), Pakau S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm. (1, Australia, New Zealand), Plesioneuron (Holttum) Holttum (60, Malesia, Pacific islands to Tahiti), Pneumatopteris Nakai (31, Asia to Pacific), Pronephrium C.Presl (40, tropical Asia, few Madagascar, Australia, Pacific), Pseudocyclosorus Ching (13, tropical Africa, India and Himalaya, China, SE-Asia, Philippines), Pseudophegopteris Ching (24, tropical Africa (and St. Helena, Sao Tome), Indian Ocean, S-China and Himalaya, through Malesia to Fiji and Hawaii), Reholttumia S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm. (29, SE Asia, some Pacific, Australasia), Sphaerostephanos J.Sm. (192, Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands), Stegnogramma Blume (7, Asia), Strophocaulon S.E.Fawc. & A.R.Sm. (2, Indian Ocean, Malesia, N-Australia, Oceania) and Trigonospora Holttum (7, tropical Asia). Amauropelta Kunze ‣ 239 spp., Neotropics, few Nearctic, Pacific, trop. Africa and Indian Ocean. 49 spp. in Colombia, 31 in Brazil and 25 in Mexico. Christella H.Lév. ‣ 71 spp., mostly restricted to the Old World tropics and subtropics, from Africa through India and southeast Asia, China, Japan, and Malesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, three in New World, all of these in Brazil and Colombia, two in Mexico. Coryphopteris Holttum ‣ 70, mostly Malesia, to Melanesia and Polynesia, S-Himalayas, some to S-Russia, one single species in North America. Cyclosorus Link ‣ three spp., two in Africa, one pantropical, inc. Brazil, Mexico and Colombia. Goniopteris C.Presl. ‣ 135 spp., Neotropics. 40 spp. in Brazil, 25 in Mexico and 21 in Colombia. Leptogramma J.Sm. ‣ 29 spp., mostly Himalayas (S-China) to Japan and Malesia, one in South Africa, one in Europe, two in New World, one in SE U.S.A., another from Mexico to Panama. Meniscium Schreb. ‣ 25 spp., Neotropics. 19 spp. in Colombia, 12 in Brazil and 5 in Mexico. Oreopteris Holub ‣ 3 spp., Asia, Europe, one in Canada and U.S.A. Pelazoneuron (Holttum) A.R.Sm. & S.E.Fawc. ‣ 19 spp., New World. 12 spp. in Mexico, 5 in Colombia and 3 in Brazil. Phegopteris (C.Presl) Fée ‣ 6 spp., North-temperate Asia, Europe and North America. Absent in Mexico. Steiropteris (C.Chr.) Pic.Serm. ‣ 28 spp., Neotropics. 12 spp. in Colombia, 9 in Brazil, only one in Mexico. Thelypteris Schmidel ‣ two spp., one in Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and China to Australia, New Zealand and Argentina, another in Eurasia, Canadá, U.S.A., Mexico, Cuba and Peru. 11.14 WOODSIACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ two genera. Physematium Kaulf. ‣ 20 spp., North America (subgen. Woodsiopsis), New World and southern Africa/Madagascar (subgen. Physematium), C-Asia to E-Asia (subgen. Cheilanthopsis). 8 spp. in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia one each. Woodsia R.Br. ‣ 28 spp., North-temperate holarctic, few China and Taiwan (subgen. Eriosorus). Three spp. in U.S.A., absent in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. 11.15 ONOCLEACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ four genera. New World outsider: Pentarhizidium Hayata (1, China, Nepal, India). Matteuccia Tod. ‣ two spp., one in Eurasia, another from Alaska to U.S.A. Onocleopsis F.Ballard ‣ a single species from Mexico to Guatemala. Onoclea L. ‣ a single species from E Asia, Canada and U.S.A. 11.16 BLECHNACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ 26 genera. New World outsiders: Blechnidium T.Moore (1, China and Taiwan to NE-India), Blechnopsis C.Presl (2, Asia to Pacific), Brainea J.Sm. (1, tropical Asia), Diploblechnum Hayata (6, Malesia, Australia, Pacific), Doodia R.Br. (19, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific to Hawaii), Cleistoblechnum Gasper & Salino (1, China, inc. Taiwan), Icarus Gasper & Salino (1, New Zealand), Oceaniopteris Gasper & Salino (8, Malesia, W-Pacific, Australia), Sadleria Kaulf. (6, Hawaii), Spicantopsis Nakai (3, Asia) and Stenochlaena J.Sm. (6, India to NE-Australia, east to W-Pacific, tropical Africa). Anchistea C.Presl ‣ only one sp., Canada, U.S.A., Cuba. Austroblechnum Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich ‣ 34 spp., tropical to south-tropical, many in temperate South America, Pacific and New Zealand, few trop. America (north to Mexico and Caribbean), Madagascar, Malesia. 9 spp. in Colombia, 7 in Brazil, 5 in Mexico. Blechnum L. ‣ 23 spp., mostly neotropical, few southern Africa. 12 spp. in Brazil, 7 in Colombia and 5 in Mexico. Cranfillia Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich ‣ 23 spp., Malesia (4), many Pacific and Neotropics (4). Two spp. in Brazil, one in Colombia, absent in Mexico. Lomaria Willd. ‣ 7 spp., Brazil, Ecuador, New Caledonia, Australia and New Zealand one endemic each, one in Peru to Bolivia, another in southern Africa. Lomaridium C.Presl ‣ 16 spp., Neotropics, tropical E-Africa, Madagascar, one in Australasia. 4 spp. in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico two each. Lomariocycas J.Sm. ‣ 17 spp., Neotropics, Africa, Madagascar. 4 spp. in Colombia, two in Brazil, absent in Mexico. Lorinseria C.Presl ‣ only one sp., Canada and U.S.A. Neoblechnum Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich ‣ a single species, in tropical Africa and Neotropica, inc. Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. Parablechnum C.Presl ‣ 71 spp., pantropical. 18 spp. in Colombia, 6 in Brazil, 3 in Mexico. Salpichlaena Hook. ‣ 4 spp., Central to South Ameria. All spp. in Brazil, three in Colombia, absent in Mexico. Struthiopteris Scop. ‣ 3 spp., holartic to E Asia, one in Canada and U.S.A. Telmatoblechnum Perrie, D.J.Ohlsen & Brownsey ‣ two spp., one from tropical Asia and Australia, another in New World, inc. Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. Woodwardia Sm. ‣ 13 spp., widespread in northern hemisphere, south to Costa Rica, W-Indonesia, mainly E-Asia, New World. 4 spp. in Mexico, absent in Brazil and Colombia. 11.17 ATHYRIACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ nine genera. New World outsiders: Anisocampium C.Presl (4, E-Asia, S-Himalaya and Indochina, one to Sri Lanka and Malesia), Cornopteris Nakai (13, China, E-Asia, N-tropical. Asia), Pseudathyrium Newman (1, Europa, W-Asia). Athyrium Roth ‣ 174 spp., worldwide, mostly northern hemisphere, many in China (over 100), several in tropical Africa and Madagascar, few in the New World (19). Three spp. in Mexico, two in Colombia, only one in Brazil. Deparia Hook. & Grev. ‣ 78 spp., mostly China, some tropical Asia, Pacific, few Madagascar, three in U.S.A. Diplazium Sw. ‣ 480 spp., cosmopolitan, 100 spp. in tropical America, ca. 80 in China. 54 spp. in Colombia, 27 in Mexico, 23 in Brazil. Ephemeropteris R.C.Moran & Sundue ‣ three spp., Mexico (all) to Venezuela and Ecuador. Only one in South America. 11.18 HYPODEMATIACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ two genera, absent in New World: Hypodematium Kunze (16, Africa to Malesia) and Leucostegia C.Presl (3, Asia to Pacific). 11.19 DIDYMOCHLAENACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ a single genus. Didymochlaena Desv. ‣ 22 spp., six in New World. Three spp. in Colombia, two in Brazil, only one in Mexico. 11.20 DRYOPTERIDACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ 27 genera. New World outsiders: Arthrobotrya J.Sm. (3, Australia and New Zealand), Cyrtomium C.Presl (39, Asia and Africa), Lastreopsis Ching (21, Asia to Pacific), Lomagramma J.Sm. (18, Asia to Pacific), Pleocnemia C.Presl (20, NE-India, SE-China, Taiwan through Malesia to Samoa), Teratophyllum Mett. ex Kuhn (10, tropical Asia) and Trichoneuron Ching (1, China). Arachniodes Blume ‣ 71 spp., tropics/subtropics to Russian Far East. Two spp. in Colombia, Mexico and Brazil one each. Atalopteris Maxon ‣3 spp., Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica. Bolbitis Schott ‣ 67 spp., tropics and subtropics, 11 in New World. Colombia and Mexico 5 each, only two in Brazil. Ctenitis (C.Chr.) C.Chr. ‣ 144 spp., tropica and subtropics, 55 spp. in New World. 20 spp. in Mexico, 19 in Brazil, 7 in Colombia. Cyclodium C.Presl ‣ 13 spp., Panamá to Argentina and Brazil. 7 spp. in Brazil, 6 in Colombia, absent in Mexico. Dryopteris Adans. ‣ 347 spp., cosmopolitan, only 22 in New World. 14 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Colombia and 3 in Brazil. Elaphoglossum Schott ex J.Sm. ‣ 763 spp., tropics & subtropics to southern South America and Subantarctic Islands. 585 spp. in New World. 188 spp. in Colombia, 104 in Brazil, 72 in Mexico. Maxonia C.Chr. ‣ only one sp., M. apiifolia (Sw.) C.Chr., Central America to Ecuador, Florida, Cuba, Jamaica. Megalastrum Holttum ‣ 103 spp., Mexico to southern South America, Subantarctic Islands, tropical & S. Africa, W Indian Ocean, 85 spp. in New World. 22 spp. in Colombia, 18 in Brazil, 8 in Mexico. Mickelia R.C.Moran, Labiak & Sundue ‣ 10 spp., tropical America and Caribbean. 7 spp. in Colombia, 6 in Brazil, 3 in Mexico. Olfersia Raddi ‣ 4 spp., tropical America. Brazil and Colombia three spp. each, only one in Mexico. Parapolystichum (Keyserl.) Ching ‣ 30 spp., tropics. 5 spp. in New World. Brazil, Colombia and Mexico two spp. each. Phanerophlebia C.Presl ‣ 10 spp., U.S.A. to Venezuela, Haiti, Brazil. 8 spp. in Mexico, Colombia and Brazil one each. Polybotrya Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. ‣ 39 spp., Neotropics, mostly Andes and SE-Brazil. 19 spp. in Colombia, 14 in Brazil, two in Mexico. Polystichopsis (J.Sm.) Holttum ‣ 7 spp., Caribbean, one up to Venezuela. Polystichum Roth ‣ 415 spp., cosmopolitan, 104 spp. in New World. 17 spp. in Mexico, 12 in Colombia and 8 in Brazil. Rumohra Raddi ‣ 11 spp., Zimbabwe to South Africa, W Indian Ocean, New Guinea to Australasia, South America, Caribbean, Florida. 4 spp. in New World, 3 in Brazil, only one in Colombia, absent in Mexico. Stigmatopteris C.Chr. ‣ 26 spp., tropical America, Caribbean. 14 spp. in Colombia, 8 in Brazil, two in Mexico. 11.21 LOMARIOPSIDACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ four genera. New World outsider: Dryopolystichum Copel. (1, New Guinea to Solomon Isl.). Cyclopeltis J.Sm. ‣ 7 spp., 6 in Hainan, Indo-China to NW Pacific, and C. semicordata (Sw.) J.Sm. from S. Mexico to northern South America and Caribbean, inc. Brazil. Dracoglossum Christenh. ‣ two spp., Guatemala to Bolivia and Venezuela. Brazil and Colombia one species each. Lomariopsis Fée ‣ 51 spp in tropics and subtropics, 15 in New World. 7 spp. in Colombia, 4 in Brazil, 3 in Mexico. 11.22 NEPHROLEPIDACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ a single genus. Nephrolepis Schott ‣ 29 spp., tropics and subtropics. 16 spp. in New World. 9 spp. in Brazil, 7 in Colombia and 6 in Mexico. 11.23 TECTARIACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ three genera, all in New World. Hypoderris R.Br. ‣ three spp., Caribbean, Central America, Andes from N-Venezuela to Bolivia. Two spp. in Colombia, one in Brazil, absent in Mexico. Tectaria Cav. ‣ 271 spp., pantropical and south-temperate, New World. 17 spp. in Colombia, 7 in Brazil and Mexico each. Triplophyllum Holttum ‣ 27 spp., 11 in Nicaragua to Brazil, Caribbean, 16 from Senegal to Madagascar. 7 spp. in Brazil, 5 in Colombia, absent in Mexico. 11.24 OLEANDRACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ a single genus. Oleandra Cav. ‣ 30 spp., tropical America, Africa, Madagascar, east to Sri Lanka, Himalayas and S-China south to Malaysia, east to Philippines, New Guinea and Queensland, through the Pacific. 14 spp. in New World, 8 in Brazil, 4 in Colombia, only one in Mexico. 11.25 DAVALLIACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ two genera, both absents in New World: Davallia Sm. (mostly tropical and subtropical Asia, some Pacific and Australia, few in Canary Isl. and tropical Africa) and Davallodes (Copel.) Copel. (mainland C Asia to India and China). 11.26 POLYPODIACEAE (World Ferns) ‣ 70 genera. New World outsiders: Acrosorus Copel. (9, SE-Asia to Polynesia), Adenophorus Gaudich (11, Hawaii), Aenigmatogrammitis Parris (2, Moluccas, Australia), Archigrammitis Parris (7, Borneo and Pacific islands), Boonkerdia Li Bing Zhang, Pollawatn, X.M.Zhou & Liang Zhang (3, SE Asia), Bosmania Testo (3, Madagascar, Japan and India to Sulawesi), Calligrammitis Parris, Sundue, Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & Ralf Knapp (2, Taiwan; Sri Lanka to New Guinea), Calymmodon C.Presl (60, mostly Borneo and New Guinea, also Sri Lanka, SE-Asia to Australia and Polynesia, Taiwan), Chrysogrammitis Parris (2, tropical Asia), Ctenopterella Parris (10, Old World), Dasygrammitis Parris (8, tropical Asia, Pacific), Devolia Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Ralf Knapp (1, China, Japan), Dictymia J.Sm. (2, E-Australia to Fiji and New Caledonia), Drynaria (Bory) J.Sm. (33, Africa, trop. Asia to NE Australia), Glabrigrammitis Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Parris (2, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, SE Asia to Vanuatu), Goniophlebium (Blume) C.Presl (32, Hokkaido and India to Australia), Grammitastrum (E.Fourn.) Parris, Sundue, Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou (1, New Caledonia), Hovenkampia Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou (3, Sudan and Guinea to South Africa), Howeogrammitis Parris (1, Lord Howe, Australia), Lecanopteris Reinw. (24, Vietnam to Australia and Vanuatu), Lepisorus (J.Sm.) Ching (95, China, E- and tropical Asia, one in Hawaii, few Africa, Madagascar and W-Pacific), Leptochilus Kaulf. (37, India to Hokkaido and New Guinea), Microsorum Link (42, paleotropical, extending to E Australia and New Zealand, eastward to Pacific, west to trop. Africa), Micropopypodium Hayata (3, China, Indochina, S-Himalaya to Philippines), Nanogrammitis Parris, Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & Liang Zhang (7, E-Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mascarenes), Oreogrammitis Copel. (191, Asia, Pacific, Australia), Oxygrammitis Parris & Sundue (2, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea), Pleurosoriopsis Fomin (1, Russia to C China and Japan), Podosorus Holttum (1, Philippines), Prosaptia C.Presl (72, Asia), Pyrrosia Mirb. (63, Cameroon to Uganda and S. tropical Africa, W Indian Ocean, Mongolia to tropical Asia and Pacific), Rouhania Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou, Jian Jun Yang & Liang Zhang (7, Africa and Madagascar), Scleroglossum Alderw. (10, tropical Asia and Australia), Selliguea Bory (124, India to Hokkaido and Australia), Tomophyllum (E.Fourn.) Parris (37, tropical Asia to China, Australia, W-Pacific.), Thalassogrammitis Parris, Sundue, Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou (1, New Caledonia), Thylacopteris Kunze ex J.Sm. (3, Philippines and Sumatra to New Guinea) and Xiphopterella Parris (14, tropical Asia). Adetogramma T.E.Almeida ‣ a single species from Ecuador to N Argentina. Alansmia M.Kessler, Moguel, Sundue & Labiak ‣ 24 spp., mostly Neotropics, two in Africa. 14 spp. in Colombia, 6 in Brazil, 5 in Mexico. Ascogrammitis Sundue ‣ 18 spp., Neotropics. Six spp. in Colombia, one in Mexico, absent in Brazil. Campyloneurum C.Presl ‣ 76 spp., Mexico to Argentina, Caribbean and Florida, 29 spp. in Colombia, 22 in Brazil and 11 in Mexico. Ceradenia L.E.Bishop. ‣ 77 spp. 25 spp. in Colombia, 9 in Brazil and 5 in Mexico. Cochlidium Kaulf. ‣ 17 spp., Neotropics, 1 to Africa and Indian Ocean. 7 spp. in Brazil, 5 in Colombia, three in Mexico. Enterosora Baker. ‣ 28 spp., Neotropics, tropical Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes. 5 spp. in Colombia, 3 in Brazil and only two in Mexico. Galactodenia Sundue & Labiak ‣ 5 spp., Neotropics. Colombia and Mexico one each, absent in Brazil. Grammitis Sw. ‣ 28 spp. (26 Grammitis p.p., two Grammitis from Lord Howe), tropics. 4 spp. in Colombia, 3 in Brazil, absent in Mexico. Lellingeria A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran ‣ 52 spp., Neotropics. 19 spp. in Colombia, 9 in Brazil and two in Mexico. Leucotrichum Labiak. 6 spp., Neotropics (5), and one in Madagascar. Two spp. in Brazil (both endemics), Colombia and Mexico one each. Lomaphlebia J.Sm. ‣ two spp., Jamaica and Cuba one each. Loxogramme (Blume) C.Presl ‣ 39 spp., Guinea to Hokkaido, South Africa and New Guinea, L. mexicana (Fée) C. Chr. from Mexico to Panamá. Luisma M.T.Murillo & A.R.Sm. ‣ a single species, endemic to Colombia (Risaralda). Microgramma C.Presl ‣ 35 spp., tropical & subtropical America, tropical & S. Africa, W Indian Ocean, India. 32 spp. in New World, 18 spp. in Brazil, 15 in Colombia and six in Mexico. Melpomene A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran ‣ 30 spp., Neotropics one extending to tropical Africa. 17 spp. in Colombia, 11 in Mexico and 8 in Brazil. Moranopteris R.Y.Hirai & J.Prado ‣ 32 spp., tropical America, one in Madagascar. 13 spp. in Colombia, 9 in Brazil and three in Mexico. Mycopteris Sundue ‣ 18 spp., Neotropics. 7 spp. in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico three each. Niphidium J.Sm. ‣ 11 spp., tropical America. 6 spp. in Colombia, two in Brazil, one in Mexico. Notogrammitis Parris ‣ 12 spp., Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Antarctic islands, three in Argentina and Chile. Parrisia Shalisko & Sundue ‣ two spp., one from Mexico to Brazil, another in Tanzania, Madagascar and La Reunion. Pecluma M.G.Price ‣ 48 spp., Mexico to N Argentina, Caribbean and Florida; 23 spp. in Colombia, 21 in Brazil and 15 in Mexico. Phlebodium (R.Br.) J.Sm. ‣ 3 spp., Mexico and U.S.A. to Argentina and Caribbean, all in Brazil and in Colombia, two in Mexico. Platycerium Desv. ‣ 17 spp., 6-9 spp. Africa/Madagascar, 7-10 from India and China to Australia, P. andinum Baker in Peru to Bolivia. Pleopeltis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. ‣ 97 spp., mostly neotropical, very few in Africa, Madagascar and India. 35 spp. in Mexico, 21 in Colombia and 19 in Brazil. Polypodium L. ‣ 51 spp., New World, Marocco to Japan, southern Africa. 22 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Colombia, 3 in Brazil. Serpocaulon A.R.Sm. ‣ 44 spp., Mexico to Argentina, Caribbean, Florida. 26 in Colombia, 19 in Brazil and 4 in Mexico. Stenogrammitiss Labiak ‣ 25 spp., Neotropics, Africa, Hawaii, Pacific. 5 spp. in Brazil, 4 in Mexico, 3 in Colombia. Synammia C.Presl ‣ 3 spp., Argentina, Chile, Juan Fernandez. Terpsichore A.R.Sm. ‣ 16 spp., tropical America. 7 spp. in Colombia, 3 in Brazil and only one in Mexico.

GYMNOSPERMS

Gymnosperms is the name of the sister plant lineage of all flowering plants, charismatically well known for conifers. Are there are 7 orders of gymnosperms, all forming a monophyletic group on the scale of botanical evolution; 4 of these occur in New World, and three in South America. It is quite surprising that Pinaceae is more reported to Gnethales than to the rest of the 'conifers'. A complete evolutive tree of gymnosperms is available inYang, Y. et al. (Plant Diversity, 2022). A remarkable and complete list of all Gymnosperms genera and likely all gymnosperms species is available in The Gymnosperms Database (SEE). PHYLOGENY OF GYMNOSPERMS, BASED ON YANG, Y. ET AL. (PLANT DIVERSITY, 2022), WITH EMPHASIZATION ON SOUTH AMERICAN'S (BLUE BARS ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THEIR DIVERSITY ON THE CONTINENT) Almost all conifers are green trees, from thin trees to trees over 100 meters, with a remarkable variety of leaf shapes and branch architecture. However, three genera, all of Podocarpaceae, escaped this pattern: one in New Caldonia (Parasitaxus, purpure holoparasitic) and two in New Zealand (Holocarpus and Lepidothamnus, with members as shrubs, sometimes very small), the second of which also occurs in South America. EPHEDRACEAE ZAMIACEAE GNETHACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE CUPRESSACEAE PODOCARPACEAE G/SPP.(ENDEMICS) FRENCH GUIANA 3 (1/)3 SURINAME 2 (1/)2 GUYANA 4 (1/)3 2/7 VENEZUELA 4 7 (4/)15(1⋵) (4/)26 (1⋵) COLOMBIA 26(18⋵) 6 (4/)8 (6/)40 (18⋵) ECUADOR 2 4 (1⋵) 1 (4/)9 (7/)16 (1⋵) PERU 3 8 (2⋵) 2 (4/)10 (7/)23 (2⋵) BOLIVIA 4 2 2 (3/)10 (1⋵) (6/)18 (1⋵) CHILE 8(2⋵) 1 (3/)3 (4/)5 (1⋵) (9/)17 (3⋵) ARGENTINA 10(2⋵) 2 (3/)3 (4/)6 (9/)21(2⋵) BRAZIL 1 7(2⋵) 6 1 (2/)8 (3⋵) (6/)23(5⋵) URUGUAY 1 (1/)1 PARAGUAY 1 (1/)1 SOUTH AMERICA 12 34 7 2 3 29 87 87 spp. of Gymnosperms occurs in South America in 13 genera, nearly 1/3 palm-like cycads, 1/3 tropical montane trees podocarpids (sometimes shrubby or very tall tress - both groups with endemic species in Brazil) - and remaining as liana rainforests Gnetum, xeric to psamophyllous scandent or shrubby Ephedra, and trees of woody-pinids (Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae), none of them with endemic species in Brazil. Brazil has endemic species in three genera (Zamia, Retrophyllum and Podocarpus), and Bolivia in two; all others countries, only in a single. At family, Brazil has cycads (Zamiaceae) and conifers (Podocarpaceae) endemics; all other has endemics in a single family. A. CYCADOPSIDA Two families worldwide, Zamicaeae widely in tropical areas from New World, Africa and Australia, and Cycadaceae, with a single genus, Cycas L. (117), from Kenya to Mozambique, Madagascar, and from India to Japan, Fiji and Australia. A1. ZAMIACEAE ‣ 253 spp. in nine genera: Encephalartos Lehm. (65, tropical Africa, from Ghana to Kenya, southern up to South Africa), Stangeria T.Moore (1, South Africa), Lepidozamia Regel (2, New South Wales, Australia), Bowenia Hook. (2, Queensland), Macrozamia Miq. (41, W, N & E Australia), Ceratozamia Brongn. (38, Mexico to Honduras), Dioon Lindl. (18, Mexico to Honduras), Microcycas (Miq.) A.DC. (1, Cuba) and Zamia L. (85, Mexico to C Brazil, up to Venezuela, Caribbean). Zamia L. Perennial, evergreen, dioecious, stems subterranean with exposed apex or aboveground, fleshy, stout, cylindric, simple or irregularly branched; leaves pinnately compound, spirally clustered at stem apex, leathery; leaflets entire, dentate or spinose, venation dichotomous or netted; cones axillary, appearing terminal, short-peduncled or sessile, disintegrating at maturity; seed cones persisting a year or more, 1(2) per plant, nearly globose to ovoid; seeds angular, inner coat hardened, outer coat fleshy, often brightly colored; cotyledons. 85 spp. from tropical America (POWO in September 28, 2024), 34 spp. in South America. 51 spp. does not occur in South America, in Mexico (17, 13⋵), Panamá (17, 12⋵, two up to Colombia), Cuba (6, 2⋵), Honduras (5, 3⋵), Guatemala (5, 2⋵), Costa Rica (5, 1⋵), Belize (4, 2⋵), Porto Rico (3, 1⋵), Bahamas (3, 1⋵), Jamaica (2), U.S.A., Cayman Is., Nicaragua and Rep. Dominicana one each. Brazil has the 5ª diversity in New World, after Colombia (26), Mexico (17), Panamá (17) and Peru (8), with 7 spp.: Z. amazonum D.W. Stev. from Venezuela to Peru and Brazil; Z. boliviana (Brongn.) A. DC. from Bolivia to Mato Grosso state; Z. brasiliensis R. Segalla & Calonje from E Rondonia to NW Mato Grosso states (Segalla & Calonje, (Phytotaxa, 2019), Z. lecointei Ducke from Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Brazil; Z. poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler from N & C Peru to Acre state in Brazil; Z. ulei Dammer from Venezuela to Bolivia and Brazil; and Z. multidentata Calonje, Segalla & R.S.Pimenta from W Acre state (Segalla et al., Phytotaxa, 2023), near Peruvian border. Z. pseudoparasitica J.Yates in B.Seemann from Panamá is the only known species in this genus that is epiphytic, growing on the branches of forest trees (Wikipedia). A high remarkable beetle from Brazil (and Bolivia) is the Pharaxonotha cerradensis (Erotylidae), highly associated with Zamia boliviana (Brongniart) A. DC. (Cycadales: Zamiaceae), by Skelley & Segalla (Zootaxa, 2019). Additional data available on Segalla, R. et al. (Tropical Conservation Science, 2019). For Colombian Zamia, see Biovirtual/Flora de Colombia. For other work with details, see Colombian Zamia. Zamia amazonum D.W.Stev., Fl. Colombia 21: 33 (2001). S Venezuela to Peru. 82 VEN 83 CLM ECU PER 84 BZN. Cham. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Zamia amplifolia Mast., Gard. Chron., n.s., 10: 810 (1878). NW Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia boliviana (Brongn.) A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 540 (1868). Brazil (Mato Grosso) to N Bolivia. 83 BOL 84 BZC. Cham. *Ceratozamia boliviana Brongn. Zamia brasiliensis Calonje & Segalla, Phytotaxa 404: 4 (2019). Brazil (Rondônia, Mato Grosso). 84 BZC BZN. Zamia chigua Seem., Bot. Voy. Herald: 201 (1854). W Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia disodon D.W.Stev. & Sabato, Fl. Colombia 21: 38 (2001). Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia encephalartoides D.W.Stev., Fl. Colombia 21: 40 (2001). NE Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia gentryi Dodson, Novon 8: 12 (1998). Ecuador. 83 ECU. Cham. Zamia huilensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev., Caldasia 34: 284 (2012). Colombia. 83 CLM. Zamia hymenophyllidia D.W.Stev., Fl. Colombia 21: 43 (2001). SE Colombia to N Peru. 83 CLM PER. Cham. Zamia imbricata Calonje & J.Castro, Phytotaxa 497: 1 (2021). Colombia. 83 CLM. Zamia incognita A.Lindstr. & Idarraga, Phytotaxa 2: 30 (2009). Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia lecointei Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 1: 9 (1915). S Venezuela to N Peru, Brazil (Pará). 82 VEN 83 CLM PER 84 BZN. Cham. HISTORY Zamia lindenii Regel ex André, Ill. Hort. 22: 23, t. 195 (1875). W Ecuador to NW Peru. 83 ECU PER. Nanophan. or phan. MAP Zamia lindosensis D.W.Stev., D.Cárdenas & N.Castaño, Brittonia 70: 364 (2018). Colombia. 83 CLM. Zamia macrochiera D.W.Stev., Cycad Classific. Concepts & Recommend.: 185 (2004). N Peru. 83 PER. Cham. Zamia manicata Linden ex Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 4: 310 (1876). S Panama to NW Colombia. 80 PAN 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia melanorrhachis D.W.Stev., Fl. Colombia 21: 55 (2001). Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia montana A.Braun, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1875: 376 (1875). Colombia (Antioquia). 83 CLM. Cham. or nanophan. :: Z. montana A.Braun is the highest elevation cycad in the world, found at 2,700m above sea level in Antioquia, Colombia (Palm Society). Zamia multidentata Segalla, Pimenta & Calonje, 2023. Brazil (Acre). 84 BZN. Zamia muricata Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 847 (1806). Colombia to N Venezuela. 82 VEN 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia obliqua A.Braun, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1875: 376 (1875). S Panama to NW Colombia. 80 PAN 83 CLM. Cham. or nanophan. Zamia oligodonta Calderón & D.W.Stev., Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 27: 486 (2003). Colombia (Risaralda). 83 CLM. Hemicr. or cham. Zamia orinoquiensis Calonje, Betancur & A.Lindstr., Phytotaxa 556: 124 (2022). Colombia. 83 CLM. Zamia paucifoliolata Calonje, Phytotaxa 385: 88 (2018). Colombia. 83 CLM. Zamia poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 4(1): 414 (1863). N & C Peru to Brazil (Acre). 83 PER 84 BZN. Nanophan. MAP Included in Colombia by Biovirtual/SEE, excluded by CZ/SEE and several other sources. Zamia pyrophylla Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.Lindstr., Brittonia 62: 80 (2010). NW Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. Zamia restrepoi (D.W.Stev.) A.Lindstr., Taxon 58: 268 (2009). NW Colombia. 83 CLM. Cham. *Chigua restrepoi D.W.Stev. Zamia roezlii Regel ex Linden, Cat. Gén. 90: 10 (1873). Colombia to Ecuador. 83 CLM ECU. Cham. or nanophan. :: Z. roezlii Regel ex Linden, native to the rainforests of Colombia and Ecuador is the tallest of all Zamia species (Palm Society), and has the longest sperm produced by a plants, measuring approximately 0.4 mm long and is therefore visible to the naked eye (Guiness World Record). Zamia sinuensis Calonje & J.Castro, Phytotaxa 497: 9 (2021). Colombia. 83 CLM. Zamia tolimensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev., Brittonia 63: 443 (2011). Colombia (Tolima). 83 CLM. Cham. MAP Zamia ulei Dammer, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 48: 117 (1906 publ. 1907). N South America. 82 VEN 83 BOL CLM ECU PER 84 BZN. Cham. Zamia urep B.Walln., Linzer Biol. Beitr. 28: 1056 (1996). Peru (Huánuco). 83 PER. Cham. Zamia wallisii H.J.Veitch, Gard. Chron., n.s., 3: 795 (1875). Colombia (Antioquia). 83 CLM. Cham. GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES 18⋵ to Colombia (Z. amplifolia Mast., Z. chigua Seem., Z. disodon D.W.Stev. & Sabato, Z. encephalartoides D.W.Stev., Z. huilensis Calonje, Z. imbricata Calonje & J.Castro, Z. incognita A.Lindstr. & Idarraga, Z. lindosensis D.W.Stev., Z. melanorrhachis D.W.Stev., Z. montana A.Braun, Z. oligodonta Calderón & D.W.Stev., Z. orinoquiensis Calonje, Betancur & A.Lindstr., Z. paucifoliolata Calonje, Z. pyrophylla Calonje, Z. restrepoi (D.W.Stev.) A.Lindstr., Z. sinuensis Calonje & J.Castro, Z. tolimensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev., Z. wallisii H.J.Veitch). Two from Colombia to Panamá (Z. manicata Linden ex Regel, Z. obliqua A.Braun). Z. muricata Willd., Z. roezlii Regel ex Linden and Z. hymenophyllidia D.W.Stev. from Colombia up to Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, respectively. Three widely in northern South America, Z. amazonum D.W.Stev., Zamia lecointei Ducke and Z. ulei Dammer, all from Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru, sometimes up to Ecuador and Bolivia. Endemics in Ecuador (Z. gentryi Dodson), Peru (Z. macrochiera D.W.Stev., Z. urep B.Walln.) and Brazil (Z. multidentata Calonje, Segalla & R.S.Pimenta, Z. brasiliensis Calonje & Segalla). Three locally absents in Colombia: Z. lindenii Regel ex André in Peru and Ecuador; Z. poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler from Brazil and Peru; and Z. boliviana (Brongn.) A.DC. in Brazil and Bolivia. The map below has been edited following the information analyzed in the post Revision of Podocarpus, Zamia and Brassicaceae in Brazil (LINK), from this same blog, for the Brazilian species. For the others, we follow GBIF or the sources mentioned below each name in the list above. HIGH ACCURATE DISTRIBUTION OF ZAMIA IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND IMAGES IN SITU FOR SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES All analyses recovered the same broad topology consisting of the following geographically delimited major five clades: (1) Caribbean clade, consisting mostly of Caribbean Island species (a single species, Z. integrifolia, also reaches Florida), which is sister to the rest of the genus consisting of primarily of mainland American species; (2) Fischeri clade, consisting of three Mexican endemic species and is itself sister to the rest of the genus excluding the Caribbean clade; (3) Mesoamerica clade, including all other species occurring in Mesoamerica to the exclusion of the Fischeri clade and Z. soconuscensis; (4) Isthmus clade, consisting primarily of Panamanian and Costa Rican species; and (5) South America clade, consisting primarily of South American endemic species (Calonje et al., International Journal of Plant Science, 2019). B. PINOPSIDA B.1 GNETHIDAE/GNETHACEAE ‣ a single foresty genus. Gnetum L. Dioecious, evergreen, mostly woody vines, rarely shrubs or trees; stems with swollen nodes; leaves opposite, petiolate, without stipules, simple, elliptic, with pinnate veins and entire margins; usually with drip tips; both male and female megastrobili terminal or lateral, sometimes arranged in dense, cauliflorous clusters on old stems; male strobilus consists of a stamen and perianth, the female strobilus of an ovule with 2 integuments and perianth (these structures are usually associated with angiosperms, one of the points that traditionally places Gnetum in an ambiguous state intermediate between the gymnosperms and angiosperms); seeds drupelike, enclosed in a red, orange, or yellow, fleshy (rarely corky) false seed coat. The wood contain tracheids and is otherwise typical of gymnosperms, but also contains vessels, another angiosperm trait, thought in this case to have arisen independently, without phylogenetic significance. 44 spp. worldwide, from Nigeria to Angola (4), SE China and Assan to Indo-China, Philippines and Sumatra to Queensland and Vanuatu (33) and from Costa Rica to Bolivia and N Brazil (7). South American species of Gnetum being sister to the remaining species. The four African species constitute a monophyletic group, sister to an Asian clade, within which the two arborescent species of the genus are the earliest diverging. New World species: Gnetum nodiflorum Brongn. in L.I.Duperrey, Voy. Monde, Phan.: 12 (1829). S. Trop. America. 82 FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL CLM ECU PER 84 BZN. Cl. Gnetum paniculatum Spruce ex Benth., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 357 (1856). SE Colombia to N Brazil. 82 FRG GUY VEN 83 CLM 84 BZN. Cl. Also in Bolivia and Suriname by GBIF (SEE). Gnetum schwackeanum Taub. ex Schenck, Beitr. Biol. Anat. Lianen 2: 249 (1893). Colombia to Venezuela (Amazonas) and N Brazil. GUY 82 VEN 83 CLM 84 BZN. Cl. Also in Peru and Ecuador by GBIF (SEE). Gnetum urens (Aubl.) Blume, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 1: 162 (1834). Tropical South America. 82 FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 CLM PER 84 BZN. Cl. *Thoa urens Aubl. Gnetum venosum Spruce ex Benth., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 358 (1856). Venezuela (Bolívar) to N Brazil. 82 VEN 84 BZN. Cl. Gnetum camporum (Markgr.) D.W.Stev. & Zanoni, Fl. Guianas, Ser. A, 9(209): 14 (1991). S Colombia, S Venezuela to Guyana. 82 GUY VEN 83 CLM. Cl. *Gnetum urens var. camporum Markgr. Gnetum leyboldii Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 10: 115 (1858). Costa Rica to tropical South America. 80 COS PAN 82 VEN 83 BOL CLM ECU PER 84 BZN. Cl. Also in Guyana by GBIF (SEE). Many distribution conflicts affect the data for Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana, with impacts for G. urens, often cited for Guyana (SEE), G. venosum rejected (SEE) or accepted (SEE) for Venezuela, G. camporum endemic (SEE) or no (SEE) from Venezuela. In view of this, the map provided below is the most consensual based on the references cited above and quite reliable for the Gnetum records by GBIF for G. nodiflorum, G. leyboldii, G. paniculatum and G. schwackeanum; GBIF also used for G. camporum (except for Brazilian record, possibly a mistake) and G. urens (except records from Central America, W Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, plus records for Brazil after Cavalcante in Acta Amazonica, 1978; Mota & Giulietti in Rodriguésia, 2016; and Zappi et al. in Acta Amazonica, 2011); finally, for G. venosum, we follows exclusivelly Cavalcante (Acta Amazonica, 1978), Mota & Giulietti (Rodriguésia, 2016) and Zappi et al. (Acta Amazonica, 2011). MODERATE ACCURATE DISTRIBUTION OF THE 7 SPP. FROM GNETUM OF THE AMERICAS, AND SOME IMAGES IN SITU B.2 GNETHIDAE/EPHEDRACEAE ‣ a single xeric genus. Ephedra Tourn. ex. L. Perennial, dioecious (rarely monoecious), erect, procumbent or climbing shrubs or vines; bark grey to reddish brown, cracked and fissured, often fibrous; branching is often broom-like with nearly parallel and fastigiate to ascending green stems; branches photosynthetic, yellowish green to olive-green when young, round, finely longitudinally grooved, jointed, internodes 1-10 cm; leaves mostly not photosynthetic; vessels most abundant and largest in lianoid species, whilst nearly lacking in alpine species. 71 spp. worldwide, 12 in South America, 11 of them from western flank of continent, and E. tweedieana C.A.Mey. from SE coast of Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil to N Argentina and S Uruguay. Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 860 (1806). Ecuador to NW Argentina. 83 BOL ECU PER 85 AGW CLN. Cham. Ephedra boelckei F.A.Roig, Parodiana 3: 11 (1984). NW Argentina. 85 AGW. Ephedra breana Phil., Anales Univ. Chile 91: 519 (1895). SE Peru to NW Argentina. 83 BOL PER 85 AGW CLN. Cham. or nanophan. Ephedra chilensis C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 539 (1845). C & S Chile to W Argentina. 85 AGS AGW CLC CLS. Cham. or nanophan. Ephedra frustillata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 11: 262 (1863). C & S Chile to S Argentina. 85 AGS CLC CLS. Cham. Ephedra gracilis Phil. ex Stapf, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 56(2): 87 (1889). Chile (Atacama, Coqimbo). 85 CLC CLN. Cham. or nanophan. Ephedra multiflora Phil. ex Stapf, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 52: 43 (1887). Chile (Antofagasta), Argentina (Catamarca to Neuquén). 85 AGS AGW CLN. Nanophan. Ephedra ochreata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 11: 257 (1863). Argentina (Catamarca to Santa Cruz). 85 AGS AGW. Cham. or nanophan. Ephedra rupestris Benth., Pl. Hartw.: 253 (1846). Ecuador to NW Argentina. 83 BOL ECU PER 85 AGW. Ephedra triandra Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 10: 125 (1858). Bolivia to Argentina. 83 BOL 85 AGE AGS AGW. Nanophan. Ephedra trifurcata Zöllner, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 8: 81 (1975). Chile (Valparaíso). 85 CLC. Nanophan. Ephedra tweedieana C.A.Mey., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 5: 36 (1845). S Brazil to NE Argentina. 84 BZS 85 AGE URU. PHYLOGENY This genus has 5 clades; among the Old World species, three highly-supported monophyletic groups are recognized, that are highly concordant with morphological evidence. The New World clade includes two main subclades of North and South American species that are strongly supported, while the position of two, mostly Mexican species E. pedunculata and E. compacta remains unresolved. Although all South American species belong to one highly-supported clade, relationships among these species are not well resolved, except the clade including E. tweediana, E. triandra, and E. chilensis. A lianoid habit is reconstructed as having been derived in three different clades, in the Old World Fragilis group, in the North American E. pedunculata and in the South American clade with E. tweediana, E. triandra (Ickert-Bond & Wojciechowski, Systematic Botany, 2004). HIGH ACCURATE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTH AMERICAN EPHEDRA, AND A IMAGES IN SITU B.3 CUPRESSIDAE/PODOCARPACEAE ‣ remarkable data on the phylogeny of Podocarpaceae can be visited at Biffin et al. (Proceedings of The Royal Society, 2012). Six genera and 29 spp. in South America, 3/4 only Podocarpus. Map below based on Farjon (BOOK, 2013) except Retrophyllum, based on Mill, R.R. (Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2016). ACURATE MAP FOR THE EIGHT PODOCARPACEAE NON PODOCARPUS IN SOUTH AMERICA 4.1 Lepidothamnus Phil. Trees, shrubs or creepers with narrow, linear spreading juvenile leaves giving way by gradual transition to strongly keeled, subulate, decurrent appressed scales. Three spp., two in New Zealand and L. fonkii Phil. in S Chile to SW Argentina. 4.2 Pectinopitys C.N.Page. Trees; form not described; bark smooth, breaking into irregular plates, shades of greenish-grey throughout; twigs dorsiventrally flattened; foliage buds conspicuous, their scales numerous and tightly-clasping, long remaining apparent after shoot emergence as clusters of usually blunt clasping basal scales. Six spp., 3 in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia; P. standleyi (J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray) C.N.Page from Costa Rica, P. exigua (de Laub.) C.N.Page endemic to Bolivia, and P. harmsiana (Pilg.) C.N.Page from Venezuela to Bolivia. 4.3 Podocarpus L'Hér. Dioecious (rarely monoecious), evergreen shrubs and trees to 50 m tall and 350 cm dbh; leaves alternate, linear to ovate, usually with a single midvein and rarely with parallel veins; leaves bear resin canals, but wood does not; primary branching in pseudo-whorls, following Massart's model. Here we follow Farjon (Book, 2013) as the main reference, with 21 spp. on South America. 11 other species occur in remaining New World (Mexico, Central America and Caribbean). All South American members are restricted of continent except P. guatemalensis Standl. and P. oleifolius D. Don ex Lamb. which reaches up to Mexico, and P. magnifolius J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray up to Panamá. The species in POWO in September 29, 2024, and Farjon (2013) are the same, differing only in the distributions of four: P. celatus, P. guatemalensis, P. parlatorei and P. tepuiensis. Here we accept all additions placed on P. celatus (Ecuador), P. guatemalensis (Venezuela and Ecuador) and in P. tepuiensis (Guyana). Here we reject the citation of P. parlatorei in Peru, in alignment with Frajon (2013). BRAZIL POWO cites 8 spp. in Brazil (P. acuminatus, P. aracensis, P. brasiliensis, P. celatus, P. lambertii, P. salicifolius, P. sellowii and P. transiens, the two lasts endemics) and three possibly native but not counted here, all from Monte Neblina (P. magnifolius, P. roraimae and P. steyermarkii). Reflora also recognizes 8 native species from Brazil, 6 of which also in POWO (P. acuminatus, P. aracensis, P. brasiliensis, P. celatus, P. lambertii, P. sellowii, with the exception of P. salificolius and P. transiens) and includes two news, P. barretoi and P. roraimae. We will discuss here the 12 spp. in a general sense mentioned/possibly mentioned for the country: ▪ P. magnifolius, P. roraimae, and P. steyermarkii are fully rejected here as Brazilian natives. ▪ P. salicifolius is rejected here for Brazil, unlike POWO, due to absence of consistent records for Reflora, TGD (The Gymnosperm Database), Farjon (2013) and Species Link. ▪ P. acuminatus and P. aracensis as the all sources, fully consistent except for a bizarre record from Goias cited in Species Link, rejected here. ▪ P. barretoi is present in Reflora, absent in POWO, GBIF and Farjon (2013). Species Link placed P. barretoi in Goiás and Minas Gerais state, CNC Flora only for northern Goias (SEE). Here we accept P. barretoi as a synonym of P. brasiliensis, as stated in POWO (SEE). ▪ for P. celatus, out of the six main references, TGD and POWO seem to follow Farjon's map (2013), which marks the species only for Rondônia and Goiás. The occurrence in Goiás is strongly supported by Farjon's own text (2013), with these three references being stabilized. GBIF, Species Link, and Farjon (2013/MAP) are highly consistent in the occurrence of the species in Pacaas Novos in Rondônia, without contradictions. Mato Grosso is mentioned in Farjon's text (2013) without mapping, mentioned generically in POWO and Reflora for Mato Grosso, and not mentioned in GBIF. Thus, its validation in Mato Grosso is based solely on what is registered in Species Link: a record from 1961, 35 km from Vilhena. Based on these texts, we consider here that P. celatus occurs in three points in Brazil: Pacaas Novos (RO), NW Mato Grosso, and northern Goiás. ▪ P. transiens is not recognized in Reflora or in L.C. et al. In GBIF, Farjon (2013), Species Link, and TGD, it is recognized for both Bahia and Minas Gerais. Only Farjon (2013) and TGD recognize Goiás, Paraná, and Santa Catarina, and therefore, these records are rejected here. ▪ for P. lambertii, the non-mapped sources Reflora and TGD, the partially mapped L.C. Marinho et al. (Sitientibus, 2016) and the mapped GBIF are consistent from range from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul also Minas Gerais, except form Espirito Santo, recognized only in Reflora and L.C. Marinho (Sitientibus, 2016). In Farjon (2013), P. lambertii has a narrower distribution, only for São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, and border of Minas Gerais. Records from Species Link are highly consistent with all previous data except for not including Espírito Santo, expanding well beyond Farjon (2013), and including records in Mato Grosso do Sul (a single records in Iguatemi), Goiás (5, 4 in Trindade and one in Alto Paraiso de Goias), and the Distrito Federal (3 very inconclusive records). For the map below, we follow the data from Farjon (2013), GBIF, and Species Link, excluding the records from Espírito Santo, Goiás and the Distrito Federal. ▪ Podocarpus brasiliensis is very conflitant. Out of the 6 main references, there is consensus only for Goiás, the Distrito Federal, and Mato Grosso. Farjon (2013), GBIF, and Species Link provide good options for pinpoint records. Farjon (2013) and TGD exclude Paraná and include Roraima, although Farjon (2013) does not map it. São Paulo is only mentioned by Species Link for a record in Guaratinguetá; Amazonas is mentioned only for Species Link for NW region; and Rondônia is only mentioned by Farjon (2013) with a record in Pacaas Novos. Bahia is mentioned by all except Reflora and L.C. Marinho (Sitientibus, 2016). Bahia, Minas Gerais, Roraima, Paraná, São Paulo and Rondonia are the conflitant states. The record from São Paulo in Guaratinguetá is accepted here. The record in Rondônia, indicated only by Farjon (2013) and TGD, is rejected here. The record in Paraná, the same in Species Link and GBIF, in Piraquara, was previously considered P. sellowi, changed to P. brasiliensis in 1988 by E. Cope. Due to the extreme inconsistency of the standard distribution, we consider it as P. sellowi here. The record in Amazonas, cited only in Species Link, is rejected here due to its extreme inconsistency with the other records of the species. The record in Roraima is rejected here because it was only cited in Farjon (2013) and TGD, and it wasn't even mapped in the first reference. Here we accept the records from Minas Gerais, a mix of GBIF, Species Link, and Farjon, relatively consistent, plus cites of P. barretoi. For Bahia, we also accept here a mix of GBIF, Species Link, and Farjon, despite the exclusion of this species in L.C. Marinho (Sitientibus, 2016). ▪ P. sellowii as in Farjon (2013), and following notes. Records from Maranhão in GBIF ans Species is rejected by does not be Podocarpacaeae, but Amaranthaceae. Records in Ceara follows a mixed from GBIF and Species Link except cultivated records. The GBIF and Species Link records from Pernambuco accepted are only those from Caruaru, as the records from Recife are of cultivated material, and those from Rio Formoso belong to Conocarpus erectus. The records from Alagoas and Sergipe are fully accepted as GBIF and Species Link. Records in GBIF and Species Link from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul are fully accepted here except records in Salvador City. In these terms, we confirm 7 species in Brazil here. National diversities, from greatest to least, are: Venezuela (12, 1⋵), Brazil (7, 2⋵), Bolivia (7), Peru (7), Ecuador (6), Colombia (5), Argentina (3), Guyana (3), Chile (2, 1⋵). Podocarpaceae in Brazil needs a urgent revision! CHECKLIST OF SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES Podocarpus acuminatus de Laub., Novon 2: 329 (1992). S Venezuela to N Brazil (Serra da Neblina). 82 VEN 84 BZN. Phan. Podocarpus aracensis de Laub. & Silba, Phytologia 65: 330 (1988). S Venezuela (Cerro Yaví) to N Brazil (Serra Araca). 82 VEN 84 BZN. Phan. Podocarpus brasiliensis de Laub., Fl. Venez. 11(2): 31 (1982). Venezuela to N & C Brazil. 82 VEN 84 BZC BZL BZN. Phan. Podocarpus celatus de Laub., Fl. Venez. 11(2): 35 (1982). S Venezuela to Bolivia. 82 VEN 83 BOL CLM PER 84 BZC. Phan. Podocarpus glomeratus D.Don in A.B.Lambert, Descr. Pinus 2: 21 (1824). Ecuador to Bolivia. 83 BOL ECU PER. Phan. Podocarpus guatemalensis Standl., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 32: 49 (1924). Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca) to Colombia. 79 MXG MXS 80 BLZ COS GUA HON NIC PAN 82 VEN? 83 CLM. Phan. Cited for Venezuela and Ecuador by Farjon (2013). Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl., Syn. Conif.: 211 (1847). SE & S Brazil to Argentina (Misiones). 84 BZL BZS 85 AGE. Phan. Podocarpus magnifolius J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray, J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 133 (1948). Panama to W South America and Venezuela. 80 PAN 82 VEN 83 BOL CLM PER. Phan. Possibly in Brazilian side of Neblina Massif by Farjon (2013) and Guyana by Gymnosperms Database (SEE). Podocarpus nubigenus Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. London 6: 264 (1851). S Chile to S Argentina. 85 AGS CLS. Phan. Podocarpus oleifolius D.Don in A.B.Lambert, Descr. Pinus 2: 20 (1824). S Mexico to W. South America. 79 MXG MXS MXT 80 COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 82 VEN 83 BOL CLM ECU PER. Phan. Podocarpus oleifolius subsp. oleifolius. W. South America to Venezuela. 82 VEN 83 BOL CLM ECU PER. Phan. Podocarpus parlatorei Pilg. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 5: 86 (1903). Peru to NW Argentina. 83 BOL PER 85 AGW. Phan. * Podocarpus angustifolius Parl. Absent in Peru in Farjon (2013). Podocarpus pendulifolius J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray, J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 138 (1948). NW Venezuela. 82 VEN. Phan. Podocarpus roraimae Pilg., Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 299 (1913). S Venezuela to Guyana (Mt. Roraima). 82 GUY VEN. Phan. Despite its occurrence in two tepuis shared by Brazil, there is no reliable record of its presence in the Brazilian part of these tepuis. Reflora markes this species in Brazil, unlike Farjon (2013), POWO (SEE) and TGD (SEE). Cited in Brazil for Mainieri & Pires (Silvicultura em São Paulo, 1973). Podocarpus rusbyi J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray, J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 134 (1948). S Peru to Bolivia. 83 BOL PER. Phan. Podocarpus salicifolius Klotzsch & H.Karst. ex Endl., Syn. Conif.: 209 (1847). Venezuela to W South America and N Brazil. 82 VEN 83 BOL CLM PER 84 BZN. Phan. Not cited in Reflora. Excluding for Brazil in TGD Link. Farjon (2013) not mapped none record in Brazil. Podocarpus salignus D.Don in A.B.Lambert, Descr. Pinus 2: 20 (1824). SC & S. Chile 85 CLC CLS. Phan. Fully absent in Argentina. Podocarpus sellowii Klotzsch ex Endl., Syn. Conif.: 209 (1847). Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul). 84 BZL BZS. Phan. Reflora cites this species in AC, PA, RO, AL, BA, CE, PE, SE, DF, GO, MT, MS, MG and ES, unlike Farjon (2013, mapped only in RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ) and TGD Link. Cited in Pará and Rondonia in Mainieri & Pires (Silvicultura em São Paulo, 1973). Garcia (FFES, 2016) recognizes in up to Pará and Rondonia states. Mapped and cited in Bahia by L.C. Marinho et al. (Sitientibus, 2016). Podocarpus sellowii var. angustifolius Pilg. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 5: 88 (1903). Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). 84 BZL. Phan. Two districts of Rio de Janeiro: Cerro dos Orgãos and Pico do Tingua. Podocarpus sellowii var. sellowii. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul). 84 BZL BZS. Phan. Podocarpus sprucei Parl. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 510 (1868). W Ecuador to N Peru. 83 ECU PER. Phan. Podocarpus steyermarkii J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray, J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 133 (1948). Venezuela to Guyana (Pakaraima Mts.). 82 GUY VEN. Phan. Despite its occurrence in Venezulan side of Neblina Massif, there is no reliable record of its presence in the Brazilian part of this tepui. Podocarpus tepuiensis J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray, J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 134 (1948). S. Venezuela, SE Ecuador. 82 VEN 83 ECU. Phan. Cited for Guyana in Farjon (2013). Podocarpus transiens (Pilg.) de Laub., Phytologia Mem. 7: 68 (1984). Brazil. 84 BZC BZE BZL BZS. Phan. *Podocarpus lambertii var. transiens Pilg. TGD Link Non cited in Reflora. Non cited in A.P. et al (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2020). Non mapped neither cited in Bahia by L.C. Marinho et al. (Sitientibus, 2016). Farjon (2013, mapped in GO, BA, MG) no mapped records in Paraná and Santa Catarina states, unlike TGD. ACURATE MAP OF DISTRIBUTION OF ALL PODOCARPUS SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA 4.4 Prumnopitys Phil. Trees, densely branched dioecious to 60 m tall; bark smooth, fibrous, and reddish to yellowish brown, often darker on the surface but weathering to gray, or older trees breaking off in irregular more or less quadrangular plates 3-5 mm thick and 3-10 cm across, with scattered lenticel-like mounds. Three spp., one in New Zealand, P. andina (Poepp. ex Endl.) de Laub from SC & S Chile to Neuquén in Argentina, and P. montana (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) de Laub. from NW Venezuela to N Peru. 4.5 Retrophyllum C.N.Page. Dioecious trees or shrubs; bark exfoliating in short vertical strips or small pieces, or as large plates; vegetative shoots dimorphic with either both foliage and scale leaves or only scale leaves (Pacific and New Caledonian species) or monomorphic with foliage leaves only (South American species), heterofacially flattened at least in juvenile phase. 6 spp., four in Oceania, R. piresii (Silba) C.N.Page endemic to Serra dos Pacaás Novos, SW Rondônia state, N Brazil, and R. rospigliosii (Pilg.) C.N.Page from NW Venezuela to Bolivia. For a excellent revision of this genus, see Mill, R.R. (Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2016). In August 1976, on a trip undertaken by the late Dr. João Murça Pires, with William Antônio Rodrigues as his tour companion and the Botany parataxonomist, Nelson Rosas, they were in the Serra Pacaas Novos region, Rondônia, with the strategic support of a helicopter kindly provided by Projeto Radambrasil. In a clearing previously opened by Radam for prospecting its flora and ecological studies, in the middle of the forest located in Seringal São Luiz, 50 km east of the Pacaas Novos river, we managed to collect some exsiccates from a large tree (30 ✕ 0.60 m) of Gymnosperma, which Most of it (1983) was described as Decussocarpus piresii by Silba, with this name being used as a basionym for Nageria piresii (Silba) Laubeng in 1987 and recently Retrophyllum piresii (Silba) C. N. Page, in 1989. Only a single tree of the aforementioned species was found. species at the site, which was fruiting at the time. Some seeds were collected by Dr. Murça Pires, which, after germinating, were introduced into the Garden of the Emílio Goeldi Museum, in Belém, Pará. Two of these seedlings are growing well, currently measuring around 5m. tall, constituting a rare specimen of the species in question being cultivated outside its natural habitat. Due to the great deforestation that has been occurring lately in the indigenous area of Paacas Novos, Rondônia, this species is at great risk of extinction. The botanical samples are deposited, especially, in the herbaria of INPA, MG, and US (SEE ORIGINAL). 4.6 Saxegothaea Lindl. Monoecious evergreen trees to 25 m tall and 200 cm dbh with one or multiple stems and long branches forming a rounded crown; bark first brown, forming irregular exfoliating flakes. A single sp., S. conspicua Lindl., from SC & S Chile to S Argentina. B.4 CUPRESSIDAE/ARAUCARIACEAE ‣ evergreen trees with spirally arranged, narrow or broad leaves often with parallel veins; dioecious or monoecious; male cones relatively large, cylindrical, with numerous sporophylls and with c. 12 inverted pollen sacs; pollen grains wingless; female cone usually borne erect, subglobose to ovoid, maturing in two years, relatively large and milky, falling upon maturity; scales one-seeded, without distinct bracts; cotyledons 4, often fused into 2 double cotyledons. (3/)41 spp. in three genera, with Wollemia W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen (1) endemic to Australia, Agathis Salisb. (17) found in New Zealand, Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, and Araucaria Juss. (20), from New Caledonia (14), one in Norfolk Island, three in Australia to New Guinea (one endemic each plus one shared), and two in South America. Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 375 (1898). SE & S Brazil to Argentina (Misiones) and E Paraguay. 84 BZL BZS 85 AGE PAR. Phan. *Columbea angustifolia Bertol. Araucaria araucana (Molina) K.Koch, Dendrologie 2(2): 206 (1873). SC Chile to Argentina (Neuquén). (10) grb 85 AGS CLC CLS. Phan. *Pinus araucana Molina. For A. angustifolia, map below follows Farjon (Book, 2013), Inza et al. (Trees, 2018, for Argentina), Silva, P.I.T. et al. (Plos One, 2020), Whege et al. (EMBRAPA, 2021), Species Link (partially, SEE), and Parques Nacionales de Paraguay (for Paraguay, SEE). For A. araucana, we follows only Farjon (Book, 2013). DISTRIBUTION OF ARAUCARIACEAE IN SOUTH AMERICA, IMAGES AND PHYLOGENY OF GENUS ARAUCARIA B.5 CUPRESSIDAE/CUPRESSACEAE ‣ trees or shrubs, generally resinous and aromatic, monoecious (usually dioecious in Juniperus); lateral branches densely clothed by scalelike leaves or by decurrent leaf bases; longest internodes to 1 cm; buds undifferentiated and inconspicuous (except in Sequoia, Metasequoia, Cunninghamia and Juniperus sects. Juniperus and Caryocedrus); pollen cones maturing and shed annually, solitary, terminal (rarely in clusters of 2-5, or to 20 or more in Cunninghamia; axillary in Cryptomeria and Juniperus sects. Juniperus and Caryocedrus; in terminal panicles in Taxodium and Metasequoia), simple, spheric to oblong; sporophylls overlapping, bearing 2-10 abaxial microsporangia (pollen sacs); pollen spheric, not winged; seed cones maturing in 1-2 seasons, compound, solitary, terminal (rarely in clusters of 2-5, or up to 100 or more in Widdringtonia; axillary in Juniperus sects. Juniperus and Caryocedrus); seeds 1-20 per scale. All Cupressaceae appear to share a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. A family with 30 genera and 167 spp., in six lineages, two most basal in Asia (2/3), the next two disjuncts in Japan, China, Laos, Vietnan, U.S.A., Mexico, Guatemala and Tasmania in Australia (7/8), and two super irradiations, Cupressoideae in northern Hemisphere (13/122, c. 3/5 of diversity in Juniperus), and Callitroideae in Australaisia, Africa and southern South America (8/34, 20 in Callitris). Three genera and species in South America, all from SC & S Chile to S Argentina. Austrocedrus chilensis (D.Don) Pic.Serm. & Bizzarri, Webbia 32: 482 (1978). C & SC Chile to SW. Argentina. 85 AGS CLC CLS. Phan. *Thuja chilensis D.Don Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M.Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 91 (1924). Chile (Los Lagos) to SW Argentina. 85 AGS CLS. Phan. *Pinus cupressoides Molina Pilgerodendron uviferum (D.Don) Florin, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 24: 133 (1930). S Chile to S Argentina. 85 AGS CLS. Phan. *Juniperus uvifera D.Don The phylogenetic tree in the figure below does not include Fokienia, which we consider here to be in the sixth line because of their similarity to Chamaecyparis (Wikipedia), and includes Sabina and Arceuthos, which are here taken to be part of Juniperus (POWO). DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTH AMERICAN CUPRESSACEAE, SOME IMAGES AND PHYLOGENY

ANGIOSPERMS

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