Moçambique hey, por minuto alguém vai morrer, sem ter pão nem água para beber....
Ilha, ilha do mor, Madagascar
Diz povão, Senegal região.
Oooh, Bagdá, Oooh Bagdá, Ooooooh, Bagdá
Os mais significativos sistemas de falésias do Brasil estão nos estados do Ceará (praias do Morro Branco e das Fontes, em Beberibe; Canoa Quebrada, em Aracati; e Redonda, em Icapuí), no Rio Grande do Norte (no município de Touros e na Praia da Pipa, em Tibau do Sul), Paraíba (Ponta do Seixas, em João Pessoa), Alagoas (Praia do Gunga), Bahia (Costa da Praia Dourada, em Mucuri), São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul (falésias de Torres), conforme Saiba Mais (2021).
Com o objetivo de listar o mais longo sistema contínuo (paredão extenso sem ser interrompido por cursos d'água) da costa brasileira, o Almanaque Z, usando a ferramnta de comprimento do Google Earth, calculou suas extensões lineares, com leve contorno, da extensão de cada uma.
RESULTADO
Todos os sistemas citados acima têm menos de 1200m de extensão com exceção de Beberibe (CE), Touros (RN), da Ponta do Seixas (PB), do Gunga (AL) e da Costa Dourada (BA), sendo estes indubitavelmente os mais longos o país. Apenas um dos trechos da Costa Dourada superaram 2,5 km, chegando a cerca de 2,7 km. O Almanaque Brazil considera, assim, esta a mais longa falésia contínua do Brasil, em comprimento.
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SEE ALSO
QUAL A MAIOR DOLINA DO BRASIL?
DEEPEST POINT OF BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC
LAST UPDATED IN 29.09.2024
No Brasil os registros de bioluminescência por Noctiluca são entremamente vagos, imprecisos e não documentados cientificamente. Mundo afora, como fenômeno biológico, os bloons deste protista na noite são fartamente documentados, conhecidos e alguns descritos em artigos científicos.
As noctilucas, precisamente Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, são dinoflagelados da família Noctilucaceae, que ocorrem em todo o mundo; eles produzem luz em flashes como resultado da reação entre luciferina e luciferase, durante estresse mecânico, por isso sua presença é notada em águas agitadas próximo das costas (Wikipedia).
Abaixo, um checklist de registros de bioluminescência de Noctiluca no Brasil, feito em busca rápida pela internet.
Por muito tempo uma árvore bastante alongada, plantada na frente de uma concessionária da mais importante avenida de Teresina, Piauí, chamava a atenção pelo seu aspecto. Por mais que este autor que vos fala tivesse curiosidade de saber que espécies era aquela, jamais fez nada para entender. Na sua ignorância, apenas supeitava que era uma Araliaceae, talvez relatado a Schefflera.
Um dia, vasculhando o site Flora of the World, autor enontrou a planta. Ali. Magnifica. Não era uma Schefflera. Não era Araliaceae. Nem Apiales. Nem Eudicots mesmo era. Era, de modo bastante inesperado, uma Annonaceae!! Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, antiga Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Thwaites, nativa da Índia e Sri Lanka. Mistério resolvido.
INTRODUCTION
Cushion plants represent a special life form which usually has character combinations such as short-node intervals, compact branches, solitary flowers or few-flowered racemes, and dome- or mat-shaped cushions. They are common among perennial herbs growing on high-altitude mountains and are thought to be associated with dry and cold environments, such as the high Andes and Patagonia, Himalayas, and New Zealand Alps. Aubert et al. (Alpine Botany, 2014) updated the cushion plants catalogue in which they recognized 1,309 species of 63 families and 273 genera.
This post aims to list the cushions from South America in light of new molecular and distributional data. The primary list follows Alpine Cushions (SEE), but with due corrections via POWO (SEE); names assigned to a country in Alpine Cushions but not assigned in the VPA are in salmon color; the reverse situation (which are all accepted here) is marked in blue.
In this compilation we list 280 cushions in 86 genera at 38 families among 20 orders, 18 if them in Eudicots. By country, the diversities are Venezuela (21 spp. in 12 genera at 10 families), Colombia (38 spp. in 20 genera at 13 familes), Ecuador (53 spp. in 28 genera at 18 families), Peru (72 spp. in 35 genera at 22 families), Bolivia (64 spp. in 34 genera at 22 families), Argentina (194 spp. in 67 genera at 31 families), and Chile (158 spp. in 59 genera at 30 families). Gentianaceae, Malvaceae and Saxifragaceae occur only from Ecuador southwards. Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae and Frankeniaceae occur only from Peru southwards; Oxalidaceae and Bromeliaceae occur only in Bolivia southwards. Restionaceae, Iridaceae, Asteliaceae, Rosaceae, Violaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Montiaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae occur only in Argentina and Chile; Loasaceae only in Chile.
The Top 5 genera (Azorella, Nototriche, Junellia, Pycnophyllum and Benthamiella) composes more than 1/3 of all cushions in South America (90 spp). None of them occur in Brazil. Taxonomic changes: Phyllactis and Aretioides under Valeriana; Petunia under Fabiana; Mulinum under Azorella; Belloa under Mniodes; Deuterocohnia under Dyckia.
Some claims for cushions in South America are not on this list. Jalcophila M.O. Dillon & Sagást. and Aphanactis Wedd. in Asteraceae (K.Kubitzki, vol. VIII, 2007); Englerocharis Musch. (Brassicaceae) from Peru (Al-Shehbaz et al., Kew Bulletin, 2012); Gamocarpha DC. and Moschopsis Phil. (Calyceraceae) from Chile and Argentina (Pozner & al., Taxon, 2021). Ribes frankei Weigend & Breitkopf (Grossulariaceae), endemic to mountains of Peru, is the unique cushion-like species among this family (Weigend ey al., Novon, 2010).
Although there is no citation in the literature, many species of Poales do Brazil could be considered cushions, within the current limits adopted, namely Paepalanthus glabrifolius Ruhland, P. pseudotortilis Ruhland, Leiothrix plantago (Mart.) Giul. and L. curvifolia Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae), Abolboda killipii Lasser and A. americana (Aubl.) Lanj. (Xyridaceae); all of these are endemic to Brazil except the Abolboda Bonpl., which extend into the adjacent countries of the Guiana Shield. In Mexico there are only 13 cushions in 6 genera of two families: Cactaceae with Echinocereus (2), Epitelantha (1), Ferocactus (1), and Mammilaria (7), and Caryophyllaceae with Arenaria bryoides and Colobanthus quitensis.
TAXONOMY
IRIDACEAE ‣ Tapeinia pumila (G.Forst.) Baill. (AR, CH).
ASTELIACEAE ‣ Astelia pumila (J.R.Forst.) Gaudich. (AR, CH).
RESTIONACEAE ‣ Gaimardia australis Gaudich. (AR, CH).
BROMELIACEAE ‣ Dyckia grisebachii Baker (BL, AR syn. Deuterocohnia brevifolia, inc. Deuterocohnia lorentziana).
ERIOCAULACEAE ‣ Paepalanthus karstenii Ruhland (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), P. ferreyrae Moldenke (PR), P. lodiculoides Moldenke (VZ, CL, EC, PR), P. pilosus (Kunth) Kunth (VZ, CL, EC, PR), P. stegolepoides Moldenke (VZ); for pulvinate species in northern Andes, see Hensold (PhytoKeys, 2016).
JUNCACEAE ‣ Distichia acicularis Balslev & Laegaard (EC), D. filamentosa Buchenau (PR, BL, CH), D. muscoides Nees & Meyen (CL, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Oxychloe andina Phil. (PR, BL, AR, CH), O. bisexualis Kuntze (AR, CH), O. castellanosii Barros (AR), O. haumaniana (Barros) Barros (AR, CH), O. mendocina Barros (AR), Patosia clandestina (Phil.) Buchenau (BL, AR).
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| Distichia muscoides Nees & Meyen, D. filamentosa Buchenau, Oxychloe andina Phil. |
CYPERACEAE ‣ Carpha alpina R.Br. (CH), Oreobolus cleefii L.E.Moro (CL, EC, PR), O. ecuadorensis T.Koyama (CL, EC, PR), O. goeppingeri Suess. (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), O. obtusangulus Gaudich. (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL, CH), O. venezuelensis Steyerm. (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Rhynchospora oreoboloidea Gómez-Laur. (CL, EC), Phylloscirpus deserticola (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. (EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), Zameioscirpus atacamensis (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. (PR, BL, AR), Z. gaimardioides (É.Desv.) Dhooge & Goetgh. (PR, AR, CH), Z. muticus Dhooge & Goetgh. (PR, BL, AR, CH); for range in northern Andes, see Springer Nature (LINK).
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| Oreobolus obtusangulus Gaudich., Zameioscirpus atacamensis (Phil.) Dhooge & Goetgh. |
XYRIDACEAE ‣ Xyris subulata Ruiz & Pav. (GU, VZ, CL, EC, PR).
POACEAE ‣ Aciachne pulvinata Benth. (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), A. acicularis Laegaard (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL, AR), A. flagellifera Laegaard (CL, EC), Deschampsia venustula Parodi (AR, CH).
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| Aciachne pulvinata Benth., A. acicularis Laegaard |
RANUNCULACEAE ‣ Caltha appendiculata Bercht. & J.Presl (AR, CH), C. sagittata Cav. (EC, PR, BL, CH).
SAXIFRAGACEAE ‣ Saxifraga magellanica Poir. (EC, PR, BL, AR, CH, inc. S. adenodes Poepp. ex Sternb.), Saxifragella bicuspidata (Hook. f.) Engl. (AR, CH).
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| Saxifraga magellanica Poir. |
FABACEAE ‣ Adesmia aconcaguensis Burkart (AR), A. aegiceras Phil. (AR, CH), A. ameghinoi Speg. (AR), A. aueri Burkart (AR), A. caespitosa Phil. (AR, CH), A. digitata Burkart (AR), A. echinus C.Presl (AR, CH), A. erinacea Phil. (BL, AR, CH), A. frigida Phil. (CH), A. glomerula Clos (AR, CH), A. neglecta M.N.Correa (AR), A. horrida Hook. & Arn. (BL, CH), A. occulta (R.E.Fr.) Burkart (PR, BL, CH), A. pentaphylla Phil. (AR, CH), A. salicornioides Speg. (AR, CH), A. serrana M.N.Correa (AR), A. subterranea Clos (AR, CH), Anarthrophyllum burkartii Soraru (AR), A. desideratum (DC.) Benth. (AR, CH), A. gayanum (A.Gray) B.D.Jacks. (AR, CH), A. patagonicum Speg. (AR).
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| Adesmia erinacea Phil., A. occulta (R.E.Fr.) Burkart |
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| Oxalis hypsophila Phil. |
ROSACEAE ‣ Acaena alpina Poepp. ex Walp. (AR, CH), A. caespitosa Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. (AR, CH), A. confertissima Bitter (AR), A. lucida Vahl (AR, CH).
VIOLACEAE ‣ Viola auricolor Skottsb. (AR, CH), V. dasyphylla W.Becker (AR).
THYMELAEACEAE ‣ Drapetes muscosus Hook.f. (AR, CH).
BRASSICACEAE ‣ Brayopsis colombiana Al-Shehbaz (CL, EC), B. calycina (Desv.) Gilg & Muschl. (PR, BL, AR), B. diapensioides (Wedd.) Gilg & Muschl. (PR, BL), Dactylocardamum imbricatifolium Al-Shehbaz (PR), Delpinophytum patagonicum (Speg.) Speg. (AR), Draba aretioides Humb. & Bonpl. ex DC. (EC), D. depressa Hook.f. (CL, EC, PR), D. gilliesii Hook. & Arn. (AR, CH), D. obovata Benth. (EC), Eudema nubigena Humb. & Bonpl. (EC), E. hauthalii Gilg & Muschl. (AR, CH), E. werdermannii O.E.Schulz (AR, CH), Lithodraba mendocinensis (Hauman) Boelcke (AR), Onuris hatcheriana (Gilg ex Macloskie) Gilg & Muschl. (AR, CH), Physaria okanensis Al-Shehbaz & Prina (AR), Xerodraba colobanthoides Skottsb. (AR), X. glebaria (Speg.) Skottsb. (AR), X. lycopodioides (Speg.) Skottsb. (AR), X. monantha (Gilg ex Kuntze) Skottsb. (AR), X. patagonica (Speg.) Skottsb. (AR, CH), X. pectinata Skottsb. (AR, CH), X. pycnophylloides (Speg.) Skottsb. (AR).
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| Draba depressa Hook.f., Dactylocardamum imbricatifolium Al-Shehbaz |
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| Brayopsis colombiana Al-Shehbaz, Eudema nubigena Humb. & Bonpl. |
GERANIACEAE ‣ Geranium crassipes Hook. ex A.Gray (CL, PR), G. sericeum Willd. ex Spreng. (EC).
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| Geranium sericeum Willd. ex Spreng. |
MALVACEAE ‣ Nototriche azorella Hill (PR, CH), N. auricoma A.W. Hill (CH), N. compacta A.W. Hill (PR).
, CH, AR, CH), N. ecuadoriensis Fryxell (EC), N. flabellata (Wedd.) A.W. Hill (PR, BL), N. holoserica A.W. Hill (AR, CH), N. jamesonii A.W.Hill (EC, syn. N. hartwegii A.W. Hill), N. obcuneata (Baker f.) A.W. Hill (PR, BL, CH), N. orbignyana (Wedd.) A.W. Hill (PR, BL, CH), N. parviflora A.W. Hill (AR, CH), N. pediculariifolia (Meyen) A.W. Hill (PR, BL, CH), N. philippii A.W. Hill (AR, CH), N. phyllanthos (Cav.) A.W. Hill (EC, PR, inc. N. pichinchensis (Bonpl.) A.W. Hill), N. polygama Krapov. (BL), N. pulvilla A.W. Hill (AR), N. sajamensis (Hieron.) A.W. Hill (PR, BL), N. stipularis (Phil.) A.E.Martic. (BL, CH), N. turritella A.W. Hill (PR, BL, CH). |
| Nototriche compacta A.W. Hill, Nototriche obcuneata (Baker f.) A.W. Hill, Nototriche phyllanthos (Cav.) A.W. Hill |
FRANKENIACEAE ‣ Frankenia triandra Remy (PR, BL, AR, CH; inc. Pycnophyllum pilgerianum Muschl).
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| Frankenia triandra Remy |
PLUMBAGINACEAE ‣ Armeria curvifolia Bertero (AR, CH), A. maritima Willd. (AR, CH).
MONTIACEAE ‣ Calandrinia caespitosa Gillies ex Arn. (AR), C. colchaguensis Barnéoud (AR), C. ferruginea Barnéoud (CH), C. potentilloides Barnéoud (AR), C. sericea Hook. & Arn. (AR).
CACTACEAE ‣ Airampoa soehrensii (Britton & Rose) Lodé (PR, BL, CH, inc. Tunilla soehrensii (Britton & Rose) D.R. Hunt & Iliff), Austrocylindropuntia floccosa (Salm-Dyck ex Winterfeld) F.Ritter (PR, BL), Copiapoa ahremephiana N.P.Taylor & G.J.Charles (CH), C. cinerascens (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose (CH), C. dealbata F.Ritter (CH), C. longistaminea F.Ritter (CH), C. solaris (F.Ritter) F.Ritter (CH), Cumulopuntia boliviana (Salm-Dyck) F.Ritter (PR, BL, AR, CH; inc. Maihueniopsis bolivianum (Salm-Dyck) R. Kiesling and M. pentlandii (Salm-Dyck) R. Kiesling), Gymnocalycium monvillei (Lem.) Pfeiff. ex Britton & Rose (AR), M. glomerata (Haw.) R. Kiesling (BL, AR, CH), Opuntia atacamensis Phil. (CH).
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| Austrocylindropuntia floccosa (Salm-Dyck ex Winterfeld) F.Ritter, Cumulopuntia boliviana (Salm-Dyck) F.Ritter, Tunilla soehrensii (Britton & Rose) D.R. Hunt & Iliff |
CARYOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Arenaria bisulca (Bartl.) Fenzl ex Rohrb. (PR, AR), A. denticulata Phil. (CH), A. dicranoides Kunth (VZ, EC, PR, BL), A. musciformis Triana & Planch. (VZ, CL, EC), A. venezuelana Briq. (VZ, CL), Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (CL, EC, PR, BL, CH), C. lycopodoides Griseb. (AR, CH), C. subulatus (d'Urv.) Hook.f. (AR, CH), Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. (BL), Pycnophyllum argentinum Pax (BL, AR), P. bryoides (Phil.) Rohrbach (PR, BL, AR, CH), P. glomeratum Mattf. (PR, AR, CH), P. macropetalum Mattf. (PR, BL, AR, CH), P. mattfeldii J.F. Macbr. (PR, BL), P. molle Remy (CL, PR, BL, AR, CH), P. spathulatum Mattf. (BL, CH), P. stuebelii Mattf. (BL), P. tetrastichum Remy (PR, BL, AR, CH, inc. P. kobalanthum Mattf.), P. muscosa Skottsb. (AR), P. convexum Griseb. (AR), P. mucronulatum Mattf. (AR), Philippiella patagonica Speg. (AR, CH), Reicheella andicola (Phil.) Pax (CH), Silene haumanii Bocquet (AR).
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Arenaria bisulca (Bartl.) Fenzl ex Rohrb., A. dicranoides Kunth, A. musciformis Triana & Planch.
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LOASACEAE ‣ Loasa caespitosa Phil. (CH).
ERICACEAE ‣ Disterigma empetrifolium (Kunth) Nied. (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL).
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| Disterigma empetrifolium (Kunth) Nied. |
GENTIANACEAE ‣ Gentianella armerioides (Griseb. ex Gilg) J.S.Pringle (PR, BL), Halenia minima C.K. Allen (EC), Halenia pusilla Gilg (PR, BL).
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| Halenia minima C.K. Allen |
RUBIACEAE ‣ Oreobolus obtusangulus Gaudich. (AR), O. glacialis (Poepp.) Ricardi (AR, CH).
SOLANACEAE ‣ Benthamiella azorella (Skottsb.) C.Soriano (AR), B. azorelloides Speg. (AR, CH), B. chubutensis C.Soriano (AR), B. graminifolia Skottsb. (AR), B. lanata C.Soriano (AR), B. longifolia Speg. (AR), B. nordenskjoldii Dusén (AR), B. patagonica Speg. (AR, CH), B. pycnophylloides Speg. (AR), B. skottsbergii C.Soriano (AR), B. sorianoi S.Arroyo (AR), B. spegazziniana C.Soriano (AR, CH), Combera minima Sandwith (CH), Fabiana australis Alaria (AR), F. foliosa (Speg.) S.C.Arroyo (AR), F. nana (Speg.) S.C.Arroyo (AR), Pantacantha ameghinoi Speg. (AR).
CALCEOLARIACEAE ‣ Calceolaria mendocina Phil. (AR, CH), C. pennellii Descole & Borsini (AR), C. pinifolia Cav. (AR, CH), C. prichardii (Rendle) Kraenzl.
LAMIACEAE ‣ Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. (PR, BL, AR).
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| Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. |
PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ Plantago barbata G.Forst. (AR, CH), P. rigida Kunth (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), P. sempervivoides Dusén (AR, CH), P. tubulosa Decne (VZ, EC, PR, BL), P. uniglumis Wallr. ex Walp. (AR, CH).
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| Plantago rigida Kunth, P. tubulosa Decne |
VERBENACEAE ‣ Junellia aretioides (R.E.Fr.) Moldenke (BL, AR, CH), J. azorelloides (Speg.) Moldenke (AR), J. caespitosa (Gillies & Hook., CH) Moldenke (AR), J. congesta (Tronc.) Moldenke (AR), J. digitata (Phil.) Moldenke (BL, CH, AR, CH), J. erinacea (Gillies & Hook.) Moldenke (AR), J. micrantha (Phil.) Moldenke (CH), J. minima (Meyen) Moldenke (PR, BL, AR), J. mulinoides (Speg.) Moldenke (AR), J. odonellii Moldenke (AR, CH), J. pappigera (Phil.) N. O'Leary & P. Peralta (AR, CH), J. patagonica (Speg.) Moldenke (AR, CH), J. silvestrii (Speg.) Moldenke (AR, CH), J. toninii (Kuntze) Moldenke (AR, CH), J. uniflora (Phil.) Moldenke (AR, CH).
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| Junellia minima (Meyen) Moldenke |
ASTERACEAE ‣ Abrotanella diemii Cabrera (AR), A. emarginata (Cass. ex Gaudich.) Cass. (AR, CH), A. linearifolia A.Gray (CH), A. purpurea Swenson (AR, CH), A. submarginata A.Gray (CH), A. trichoachaenia Cabrera (AR, CH), A. trilobata Swenson (AR, CH), Baccharis aretioides Turcz. (EC), Brachyclados caespitosus (Phil.) Speg. (AR), Belloa chilensis Remy (BL, AR, CH), Burkartia lanigera (Hook. & Arn.) Crisci (AR), Chuquiraga aurea Skottsb. (AR), Erigeron leptopetalus Phil. (AR, CH), E. rosulatus Wedd. (PR, BL, AR, CH), Gamochaeta nivalis Cabrera (AR,CH), Lucilia kunthiana (DC.) Zardini (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), Mniodes aretioides Cuatrec. (PR, BL), M. caespititia (Wedd.) Quip. & M.O.Dillon (BL), M. longifolia (Cuatrec. & Aristeg.) Sagást. & M.O.Dillon (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), M. radians (Benth.) Sagást. & M.O.Dillon (VZ, CL, EC), M. schultzii (Wedd.) S.E.Freire, Chemisquy, Anderb. & Urtubey (EC, PR, BL, AR, CH inc. M. virescens (Wedd.) Cabrera), Monticalia microdon (Wedd.) B.Nord. (EC), Nardophyllum bryoides (Lam.) Cabrera (AR, CH), Nassauvia ameghinoi Speg. (AR), N. pentacaenoides Speg. (AR), Raouliopsis pachymorpha (Wedd.) S.F.Blake (CL), R. seifrizii S.F.Blake (CL), Senecio culcitenellus Cuatrec. (AR, CH), S. depressus Hook. & Arn. (AR, CH), S. digitatus Phil. (AR, CH), S. skottsbergii Cabrera (AR, CH), S. subdiscoideus Sch.Bip. ex Wedd. (PR, BL, AR, CH), Werneria aretioides Wedd. (PR, BL, AR, CH), W. humilis Kunth (CL, EC, PR, BL), W. poposa Phil. (PR, BL, AR), W. pumila Kunth (CL, EC, PR, AR), W. pygmaea Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL, CH), W. rosea Hieron. (EC), Xenophyllum incisum (Phil.) V.A.Funk (AR, CH), X. pseudodigitatum (Rockh.) V.A.Funk (AR, CH).
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| Erigeron rosulatus Wedd. and Werneria aretioides Wedd. |
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| Mniodes schultzii (Wedd.) Cabrera, Senecio subdiscoideus Sch.Bip. ex Wedd., Xenophyllum humile (Kunth) V.A.Funk |
STYLIDIACEAE ‣ Donatia fascicularis J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (AR, CH), Phyllachne uliginosa J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (AR, CH).
CAMPANULACEAE ‣ Lysipomia aretioides Kunth (EC, PR), L. muscoides Hook.f. (CL, EC, PR).
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| Lysipomia muscoides Hook.f. |
CAPRIFOLIACEAE ‣ Valeriana alypifolia Kunth (EC), V. aretioides Kunth (EC, PR, BL), V. corynodes Borsini (AR), V. densa (Wedd.) Höck (BL), V. macrorhiza Poepp. ex DC. (BL, AR, CH), V. rigida Ruiz & Pav. (CL, EC, PR, BL), V. sedifolia d'Urv. (AR, CH, inc. Aretiastrum magellanicum (Decne.) Skottsb.).
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| Valeriana rigida Ruiz & Pav. |
APIACEAE ‣ Azorella albovaginata (Gillies & Hook.) G.M.Plunkett & A.N.Nicolas (AR, CH), A. ameghinoi Speg. (AR, CH), A. aretioides (Kunth) Willd. ex DC. (CL, EC, PR, AR), A. biloba (Schltdl.) Wedd. (CL, EC, PR, BL, AR, CH), A. corymbosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (CL, EC, PR), A. compacta Phil. (PR, BL, AR, CH), A. crassipes Phil. (AR, CH), A. crenata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (VZ, CL, EC, PR), A. diapensioides A.Gray (PR, BL, AR, CH), A. diversifolia Clos (AR, CH), A. filamentosa Lam. (AR, CH), A. fuegiana Speg. (AR, CH), A. hallei (Skottsb.) G.M.Plunkett & A.N.Nicolas (AR), A. julianii Mathias & Constance (VZ, CL), A. lycopodioides Gaudich. (AR, CH), A. madreporica Clos (AR, CH), A. microphylla (Cav.) G.M.Plunkett & A.N.Nicolas (AR), A. monantha Clos (AR, CH), A. multifida (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (VZ, CL, EC, PR, BL), A. nivalis Phil. (AR, CH), A. patagonica Speg. (AR, CH), A. pectinata Phil. (CH), A. pedunculata (Spreng.) Mathias & Constance (CL, EC), A. pulvinata Wedd. (PR, BL), A. prolifera (Cav.) G.M.Plunkett & A.N.Nicolas (AR, CH), A. ruizii G.M.Plunkett & A.N.Nicolas (AR, CH), A. selago Hook.f. (AR, CH), A. spinosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (AR, CH), A. trifoliolata Clos (AR, CH), A. trifurcata (Gaertn.) Pers. (AR, CH), A. trisecta (H.Wolff) Mart.Fernández & C.I.Calviño (BL, AR, CH; syn. Mulinum crassifolium), A. valentini (Speg.) Mart.Fernández & C.I.Calviño (AR, CH), Bolax caespitosa Hombr. & Jacquinot ex Decne (AR, CH), B. gummifera (Lam.) Spreng. (AR, CH).
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| Azorella compacta Phil., A. diapensioides A.Gray |
Here, we list in botanical order only the orders and families that occur in the New World.
LAURALESColombia leads in Siparuna (32 ✕ 19), the single New World genus.
Three South America genera does not occur in Brazil: Yasunia (2), Chlorocardium (3) and Andea (25), and Brazil has three endemic genera.
Mexico leads against Brazil only in 4 genera: Umbellaria, Litsea (both Brazilian absents), Beilschmiedia (10 ✕ 8) and Damburneya (14 ✕ 1).
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Ealucasius omnis inventore qui accusamus labore ea voluptatem nisi est placeat tempore nam officiis deserunt qui libero placeat et voluptas ullam. Rem maxime eligendi est voluptate sint sed laboriosam fugit sit minima velit!
All New World genera occur in Brazil except Peumus and Laureliopsis from Argentina and Chile. Compared to Mexico and Colombia, Brazil leads in species diversity in all New World tropical genera.
Mexico leads in Gyrocarpus (4 ✕ 1) and Hernandia (4 ✕ 1) against Brazil. Colombia leads in Hernandia (2 ✕ 1) against Brazil.
Family absent in Colombia. Mexico (Canella) 1 ✕ 6 (Cinnamodendron) 6 Brazil.
In New World, Brazil and Chile lead with 3 spp. each.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ‣ Brazil leads in species over Colombia and Mexico.
HYDNORACEAE ‣ family absent in Mexico and Colombia.
PIPERACEAE ‣ Brazil leads/tied over Colombia and Mexico in genera. Among common genera, Colombia leads in Peperomia (267 ✕ 184) and Piper (425 ✕ 308). Brazil leads over Mexico in all genera.
CERATOPHYLLALES
CERATOPHYLLACEAEBrazil, Colombia and Mexico has the same species in this order.
DILLENIALES
DILLENIACEAEAll New World genera occur in Brazil. All genera leads by Brazil except Neodillenia leading by Colombia (2 ✕ 1).
CARYOPHYLLALES
DROSERACEAE ‣ Brazil leads absolutely against Colombia and Mexico.
GENTIANALES
LOGANIACEAE ‣ all New World genera in Brazil. Brazil leads in all genera among Mexico and Colombia.
GELSEMIACEAE ‣ Brazil and Mexico has two spp. both. Absent in Colombia.SOLANALES
HYDROLEACEAE ‣ Brazil, Mexico and Colombia two spp. each.
CONVOLVULACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 4 brazilian outsiders (Decalobanthus, Itzaea, Petrogenia and Porana) and Brazil includes 5 mexican outsiders (Calycobolus, Daustinia, Dicranostyles, Lysiostyles and Tetralocularia). Among common genera, Mexico leads in Cressa (2 ✕ 1), Cuscuta (65 ✕ 22) and Calystegia (5 ✕ 1). Decalobanthus and Porana are strong disjunctions favorable to Mexico. Brazil leads full over Colombian genera and species.
SOLANACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 15 brazilian outsiders: Browallia (2), Cuatresia (1), Datura (14), Hunzikeria (3), Jaltomata (6), Merinthopodium (1), Plowmania (1), Schultesianthus (3) and 7 genera in Physaleae (Cataracta endemic). Brazil has 13 unmexican genera - advantage for Mexico. Colombia includes 11 unbrazilian genera: Browallia (Cestroideae), Exodeconus (Exodeconeae), Doselia, Merinthopodium, Poortmannia, Schultesianthus, Trianaea (Solandreae), Jaltomata (Solaneae), Cuatresia, Deprea and Saracha (Physaleae). Brazil and Colombia tied in number of genera.
Among common genera, Colombia leads in Brugmansia (4 ✕ 2), Cestrum (49 ✕ 45), Iochroma (5 ✕ 1), Juanulloa (4 ✕ 2), Lycianthes (21 ✕ 10), Markea (9 ✕ 4), Sessea (8 ✕ 1) and Witheringia (5 ✕ 1). Mexico leads in Physalis (77 ✕ 4), Lycianthes (47 ✕ 10), Cestrum (56 ✕ 45), Lycium (20 ✕ 3), Solandra (6 ✕ 4), Witheringia (5 ✕ 1) and Bouchetia (3 ✕ 1).
LAMIALES
OLEACEAE ‣ Mexico includes br-outliers Cartrema, Fraxinus, Hesperalea and Forestiera. Brazil leads in Chionanthus against Mexico and Colombia. Mexico leads in Menodora. Priogymnanthus does not occur in Mexico.
TETRACHONDRACEAE ‣ only one sp. in tropical America, Polypremum procumbens L., from C & SE U.S.A. to America Central, Caribbean, NE Colombia to Suriname.
PELTANTHERACEAE ‣ a single species, Peltanthera floribunda Benth. & Hook.f., from Costa Rica to Bolivia.
CALCEOLARIACEAE ‣ 21 spp. in Colombia and 4 in Mexico. Only one in Brazil.
GESNERIACEAE ‣ Brazil and Mexico has equal number of genera. Mexico includes 15 Brazilian outsiders: Achimenes (24), Alloplectus (1), Alsobia (5), Amalophyllon (3), Eucodonia (2), Gasteranthus (1), Glossoloma (2), Kohleria (3), Moussonia (19), Niphaea (3), Pachycaulos (1), Rhynchoglossum (1), Smithiantha (6), Solenophora (13), Trichodrymonia (1). Among 12 common genera, Mexico leads only in Columnea (10 ✕ 7) and Diastema (2 ✕ 1).
PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 30 genera, Brazil 21. Mexico includes 21 Brazilian outsiders genera: Collinsia (3), Epixiphium (1), Gambelia (4), Hippuris (1), Keckiella (3), Linaria (2), Lophospermum (7), Mabrya (5), Maurandella (1), Maurandya (2), Mohavea (1), Neogaerrhinum (2), Penstemon (64), Pseudorontium (1), Rhodochiton (3), Russelia (45), Sairocarpus (4), Schistophragma (4), Sibthorpia (1), Tetranema (2) and Uroskinnera (3). Among the nine common genera, Mexico leads in Callitriche (6 ✕ 3), Plantago (20 ✕ 19), Stemodia (15 ✕ 11) and Veronica (5 ✕ 1).
Colombia has 19 genera, two fewer Brazil. Colombia includes Brazil outsiders Aragoa (17), Linaria (1), Ourisia (2), Russelia (1), Schistophragma (1) and Sibthorpia (1). Among common genera, Colombia leads in Callitriche (6 ✕ 3) and Veronica (2 ✕ 1).
SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Brazilian outsiders Alonsoa (1), Eremogeton (1), Leucophyllum (17) and Scrophularia (3). Among common genera, Mexico leads in Capraria (5 ✕ 1) and Limosella (2 ✕ 1). Both countries tied in Buddleja. Colombia has Alonsoa (2) and leads in Limosella (2 ✕ 1).
LINDERNIACEAE ‣ Brazil leads against Mexico and Colombia in all common genera (all colombian and mexican genera occur in Brazil).
VERBENACEAE ‣ Brazil has 14 genera and Mexico has 13. Mexico includes one Brazilian outsider: Rehdera (2), and leads in Bouchea (6 ✕ 4), Citharexylum (38 ✕ 7), Duranta (3 ✕ 1), Phyla (4 ✕ 2), Priva (6 ✕ 2) and Tamonea (3 ✕ 2). Colombia includes one genus absent in Brazil: Junellia (1), and leads in Citharexylum (10 ✕ 7) and Duranta (9 ✕ 1).
SCHLEGELIACEAE ‣ Colombia includes two genera absent in Brazil: Exarata (1) and Gibsoniothamnus (1), and leads in Schlegelia (16 ✕ 6). Mexico includes Gibsoniothamnus (1).
MARTYNIACEAE ‣ Mexico and Brazil are fully disjunct in genera. Mexico includes Martynia (2) and Proboscidea (6).
BIGNONIACEAE ‣ Colombia has more genera tham Brazil in Bignoniaceae. Colombia inludes 8 Brazilian outsiders Amphitecna (3), Delostoma (1), Eccremocarpus (1), Parmentiera (1), Romeroa (1), Roseodendron (2), Tecoma (1) and Tourretia (1). Mexico includes 8 Brazilian outsiders: Amphitecna (12), Astianthus (1), Chilopsis (1), Parmentiera (3), Roseodendron (1), Tecoma (1) and Tourretia (1). Among shared genera, Colombia leads only in Crescentia (2 ✕ 1). Among shared genera, Mexico leads also only in Crescentia (3 ✕ 1).
ASTERALES
MENYANTHACEAE ‣ Brazil, Mexico and Colombia has two spp. each. Colombia has a endemic species.
