НОВОГОДНЕЕ СООБЩЕНИЕ ПУТИНА

РУССКИЙ

Настоящий государственный деятель. Этим словом самый сильный человек на Земле приветствует свой народ с уважением и благодарностью.

DUAS BOAS CANÇÕES

1. Rock the Boat (1974), do Hues Corporation, grupo de soul e pop californiano, que encerrou suas atividades a mais de 40 anos atrás.

2. Dance Bonne Pa Dance (1985), de Gérard Hubert, uma excelente canção de um estilo musicável notável, a zouk, originária da Martinica e Guadalupe (VER), de origem fortemente africana, e diga-se de passagem, muito melhor (muito mesmo) que o samba brasileiro.

LAND ROVERS IN MARS

In the art below a summary of several manned vehicles that landed on Mars, with image and nation (mainly U.S.A., only one of China). The list is incomplete due to the absence of Soviet vehicles, and dates vary between years of release and arrival.

RUSSIA ✕ UCRÂNIA

É é bom os cartografos ucranianos já irem se adequando ao novo mapa de seu país (direita).

HOW TO FIND Π?

The π to 45 decimal places, and 19 ways to deduce it - some, however, are remodeling of others already constant, so that in essence the origin is a little less.

BRAZIL ✕ MEXICO/COLOMBIA: BOTANY

Revised orders: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Canellales, Magnoliales, Chloranthales, Austrobaileyales, Piperales, Acorales, Petrosaviales, Ceratophyllales, Tetrachondrales, Dilleniales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Crossossomatales, Picramniales, Huertales, Geraniales, Cornales, Berberidopsidales, Metteniusales, Icacinales, Garryales, Vahliales, Solanales, Bruniales, Aquifoliales, Paracryphiales, Desfontainiales, Dipsacales, and Escalloniales.

MEXICO

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km², making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 126,014,024 in., it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers.

By Vascular Plants of America (VPA, Feb 04, 2023), Brazil has 34,784 spp. of vascular plants, and Mexico has 23,516 spp. Mexico has 254 families in Angiosperms, and Brazil has only 237.

1 ORDERS

Four unbrazilian orders occur in Mexico: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/3 in country), Austrobayleiaceae (1:2/2 in country) and Garryales (1:1/9 in country). Brazil has only two unmexican orders: Cardiopteridales (2:2/10 in country) and Escalloniales (1:1/9 in country).

2 FAMILIES

Only four families exceed 1,000 species in Mexico (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae). In Brazil are eight (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae and Bromeliaceae). In all 20 largest families in Mexico Brazil has more species except in Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae and Boraginaceae.

Compared diversities Brazil ✕ Mexico (respectively) in some relevant families includes Poaceae (1,300 ✕ 1,043), Fabaceae (2,818 ✕ 1,895), Orchidaceae (2,734 ✕ 1,276), Melastomataceae (1,454 ✕ 205), Myrtaceae (1,153 ✕ 128), Bromeliaceae (1,415 ✕ 448), Arecaceae (266 ✕ 98) and Euphorbiaceae (997 ✕ 716) and Ericaceae (95 ✕ 80) as advantages of Brazil, an Cactaceae (258 ✕ 705), Asparagaceae (14 ✕ 455), and Asteraceae (2,041 ✕ 3,065) as advantage of Mexico.

Mexico has 51 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (125/686 spp. overall in country).

29 of these families occur in South America (95/598): Tovariaceae (1/1), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Actinidiaceae (1/21), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Tapisciaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/2), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Grossulariaceae (1/23), Juglandaceae (4/14), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Fagaceae (2/138), Betulaceae (4/6), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Cornaceae (1/4), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Frankeniaceae (1/5), Papaveraceae (10/44), Phrymaceae (7/48), Myricaceae (1/3), Montiaceae (5/27), Anacampserotaceae (1/1) and Namaceae (4/48).

22 do not occur in South America (30/88): Balsaminaceae (1/1), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1) and Iteaceae (1/3) - large genera are Fouquiera, Calochortus and Forchhammeria.

33 of unbrazilian-mexican families are monogeneric in Mexico, being 21 fully monotypic (Balsaminaceae, Tovariaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Coriariaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Tapisciaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Anacampserotaceae, Nyssaceae, Setchellanthaceae, Sarcobataceae, Simmondisiaceae, Guamatelaceae, Petenaeaceae, Plocospermataceae, Ticodendraceae, Datiscaceae, Paeoniaceae, Altingiaceae) and 12 with 2-22 spp. (Actinidiaceae-21, Grossulariaceae-23, Fouquieriaceae-11, Garryaceae-9, Cytinaceae-3, Dipentodontaceae-2, Cornaceae-4, Frankeniaceae-5, Myricaceae-3, Stegnospermataceae-3, Platanaceae-5, Iteaceae-3). Joined, these 33 families has 103 species in Mexico, less than Brazilian Barbacenia.

18 families has more one genus, namely Fagaceae (2/138), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Phrymaceae (7/48), Namaceae (4/46), Papaveraceae (10/44), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Montiaceae (5/27), Liliaceae (4/26), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Juglandaceae (4/14), Betulaceae (4/6), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Resedaceae (2/10), Saururaceae (2/2) and Schisandraceae (2/2).

Velloziaceae alone includes more species in Brazil than the 44 least representative families of the cluster in Mexico. 4 families correspond to 1/3 of the genera in this cluster in Mexico: Polemoniaceae, Papaveraceae, Phrymaceae and Hydrangeaceae.

Considering that Brazil has 9 genera of Rapateaceae and 8 of Humiriaceae, the most representative families in Mexico of this cluster above 9 genera (Polemoniaceae and Papaveraceae) include, together, 32 genera, around 1/4 of the total cluster.

Considering that Brazil has 39 spp. of Rapateaceae and 35 of Humiriaceae, the most representative families in Mexico of this cluster above 39 (Fagaceae, Polemoniaceae, Namaceae and Papaveraceae) include, together, 389 spp. around 59% of the total species in the cluster.

In contrast, only 34 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Strombosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Coulaceae, Olacaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae, Griseliniaceae.

13 of Brazilian unmexican families are monotypic in Brazil: Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Coulaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Stemonuraceae and Griseliniaceae.

12 are monogeneric irradiations 2-20 spp.: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Thismiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Strombosiaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae.

9 families has more one genus: Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Aptandraceae and Olacaceae.

3 GENERA

In Mexico only five genera exceed 200 species (Sedum, Salvia, Euphorbia, Tillandsia and Agave), the two firsts more than 300 spp. In Brazil are 13 more than 200 spp., including six more than 300 spp., namely Piper, Mimosa, Croton (300-400), Eugenia, Myrcia (400-500) and Miconia (more than 500).

Among representative-order genera unknown in Brazil, Mexico has Canella (1), Lilium (3), Buxus (6), Vitis (15), Malpighia (25), Fagus (1), Cucurbita (16), Rosa (7), Crossossoma (3), Huertea (1), Malva (3), Cornus (4), Garrya (9) and Gentiana (15).

Mexican endemic genera in families without endemic genera in Brazil includes 17 families, namely Asparagaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Campanulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caricaceae, Crossossomataceae, Brassicaceae, Iteaceae, Loasaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Polemoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Setchellanthaceae and Zygophyllaceae (four, in bold, does not occur in Brazil; excludes, due to recent changes or over range, Cyperaceae, Papaveraceae and Verbenaceae).

Counterpart list for Brazil includes 32 families, namely Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Balanophoraceae, Bignoniaceae, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, Clusiaceae, Connaraceae, Convolvulaceae, Ehretiaceae, Humiriaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Linderniaceae, Lythraceae, Martyniaceae, Melastomataceae, Menispermaceae, Monimiaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Ochnaceae, Olacaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygalaceae, Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae, Trigoniaceae and Violaceae.

4 COMMON DIVERSITIES

Mexico has huge diversties against Brazil in Pinidae (conifers, 4:9/86 ✕ 2:3/9), cycads (1:3/68 ✕ 1:1/7), Fagales (5:11/162 ✕ 0:0/0), succulent Crassulaceae (1/384 ✕ 0/0), Agave (221 ✕ 0), Euphorbia (246 ✕ 64) and Brassicaceae (43/214 ✕ 3/11).

Mexico also includes high diversity of Cucurbita (16), Cactaceae (more than 700), Polemoniaceae, diverse forms of Boraginales, Lennoa, Poliana, Mitrastemon, Bdalophytum, and aclorophyllous forms in Ericaceae and Orobanchaceae.

Mexico has (5:11/)162 spp. of Fagales, 137 of these in Quercus, also in Fagus (1), Alfaroa (3), Carya (5), Juglans (5), Oreomunnea (1), Alnus (4), Carpinus (1), Ostrya (1), Morella (3), and Ticodendron (1).

Mexico has 86 conifers (3^rd diversity worldwide), 58 in Pinaceae (47 Pinus, 2 Picea, 9 Abies), 24 of Cupressaceae (Calocedrus-1, Hesperocyparis-4,Juniperus-18, Taxodium-1), one Taxaceae (Taxus-1) and 3 Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus-3) - aproximatelly 6/7 pines, firs or junipers, 12 remaining in six genera at 4 families. Mexico has 162 species of Gymnosperms, near twice as much as in all of South America (86).

New World has 134 species of Cycadophyta in Ceratozamia (36, 35 in Mexico, one of them up to Guatemala and Belize, and one endemic to Honduras, Martínez-Domínguez, Phytotaxa, 2022), Dioon (18, 17 in Mexico and 1 endemic to Honduras), Microcycas (1, W Cuba), Zamia (80, SE USA, Mexico to tropical America). Mexico has (3/)68 spp. (a half of New World diversity), 63 endemics, the 2^nd diversity of cycads worldwide after Australia.

Mexican Ranunculaceae: Aconitum (1), Anemone (3), Aquilegia (6), Clematis (15), Delphinium (20), Myosurus (2), Ranunculus (22) and Thalictrum (28). Mexico has only two species of Vochysiaceae and a single of Lecythidaceae (Eschweilera mexicana T. Wendt, S.A. Mori & Prance, endemic). Brazil has 163 and 120 spp. in these families, respectively. Notes about Arecaceae in Mexican available in Pulido-Silva et al. (21/99, The Botanical Review, 2022). Hechtiodeae lineage is one of eight subfamilies of Bromeliaceae with at least 84 species formally recognize in three genera, highly centered in Mexico (Rivera-Martínezet al., Botanical Sciences, 2022): Bakerantha (5, highlands of C Mexico), Hechtia (76, Texas to Guatemala) and Mesoamerantha (3, Guatemala to Nicaragua).

5 MORPHOLOGY

Comparing with Brazil, Mexico stands out in herbaceous Bignoniaceae, succulent Crassulaceae, high diversity of Pinguicula, cushions (13, all in Caryophyllales), more sea grasses, fungi symbiotics in Fagales, nectar spur plants, holoparasitics in Ehretiaceae, Cytinaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Ericaceae, and Orobanchaceae.

Mexico has six unbrazilian sea grasses, namely Vallisneria americana, Thalassia testudinum, Halophila engelmannii, Syringodium filiforme, Phyllospadix scouleri, P. torreyi, and Zostera marina.

Mexico includes 74 species of carnivorous plants in five genera — only in Pinguicula (50) Mexico has more species than Brazil. In contrast, uniquely in Utricularia, Brazil has 78 spp.

In Parasitics non-Santalales, Mexico has strictly more species than Brazil in Cuscuta (62 ✕ 22 BR), Krameria (9 ✕ 5 BR) and Pilostyles (3 ✕ 1 BR), all widely in Brazil. Lennoa, Pholisma, Mitrastemon and Bdalophytum occur only in Mexico. Prosopanche and Apodanthes only in Brazil. In Santalales, Mexico has more species than Brazil only in Schoepfia (4 ✕ 3 BR) and Santalaceae (92 ✕ 68 BR).

Among Mexican monocot mycoheterotrophics, Corallorhiza (7) and Hexalectris (8), both Orchidaceae, does not occut in Brazil. Brazilian genera Campylosiphon, Hexapterella, Miersiella, Thismia, Peltophyllum, Sciaphila, Soridium, Platythelys, Uleiorchis, Pogoniopsis and Wullscglaegelia do not occur in Mexico. In Eudicots, Mexican Hypopitys (1), Pterospora (1), Pyrola (1) and Sarcodes (1) do not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Voyriella does not occur in Mexico.

Mexico includes the unique epiphytic Valeriana worldwide (PhytoKeys, Veracruz state), also epiphytic Solanum (Tepe & Bohs, Systematic Botany, 2011), all six larges members of Ipomoea (Almanaque Z), the unique aphyllous members of Psittacanthus (lacks sources), and tallest members in New World of Euphorbia (Dorsey et al., Taxon, 2013) and Ericaceae (Agarista), and in Neotropics in Apiaceae (up to 5m, Procupez, Revista de Biologia Tropical, 1996), and the unique record of isophasic parasitism in Phoradendron (Kuijt, Acta Botanica Mexicana, 2011).

6 COMPARATION FAMILY-BY-FAMILY, IN COMMON FAMILIES (193 ANALYZED OF 203 COMMON MEXICO/BRAZIL FAMILIES)

Of the 237 families recorded in Brazil, 34 do not occur in Mexico. The remaining 203 (in both countries) are distributed among the categories listed below.

(56) MEXICO MORE GENERA AND ...

.. MEXICO MORE SPECIES (38)

Typhaceae, Asparagaceae, Ranunculaceae, Buxaceae, Crassulaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Surianaceae, Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae, Geraniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Onagraceae, Staphylleaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, Mutingiaceae, Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Achatocarpaceae, Amaranthaceae, Phytolacaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Cactaceae, Loasacaceae, Boraginaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Ehretiaceae, Oleaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Campanulaceae, Asteraceae, Caprifoliaceae and Apiaceae.

.. EQUAL SPECIES (2)

Cymodoceaceae and Caricaceae.

... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES (16)

Cabombaceae, Hernandiaceae, Vitaceae, Celastraceae, Hypericaceae, Urticaceae, Malvaceae (MX 78 ✕ 74 BR), Cleomaceae, Pentaphyllacaceae, Primulaceae, Ericaceae, Acanthaceae, Schlegeliaceae, Gesneriaceae, Verbenaceae and Lentibulariaceae.

(91) BRAZIL MORE GENERA AND ...

... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES (81)

Myristicaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, Piperaceae, Araceae, Burmanniaceae, Triuridaceae, Cyclanthaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Orchidaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Arecaceae, Haemodoraceae, Bromeliaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Costaceae, Marantaceae, Menispermaceae, Proteaceae, Dilleniaceae, Connaraceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Ochnaceae, Clusiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Podostemaceae, Malpighiaceae, Trigoniaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Achariaceae, Violaceae, Passifloraceae, Lacistemaceae, Salicaceae, Peraceae, Phyllanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Moraceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Vochysiaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Picramniaceae, Burseraceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, Simaroubaceae, Rutaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Erythropalaceae, Ximeniaceae, Balanophoraceae, Capparaceae, Petiveriaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Lecythidaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Styracaceae, Loranthaceae, Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Rubiaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Convolvulaceae, Linderniaceae, Bignoniaceae and Araliaceae.

... EQUAL SPECIES (1)

Schoepfiaceae.

... MEXICO MORE SPECIES (9)

Commelinaceae, Sabiaceae, Haloragaceae, Apodanthaceae, Linaceae, Rhamnaceae, Santalaceae, Martyniaceae and Lamiaceae.

(56) EQUAL GENERA AND ...

... MEXICO MORE SPECIES (19)

Magnoliaceae, Ruppiaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Juncaginaceae, Juncaceae, Berberidaceae, Gunneraceae, Krameriaceae, Elatinaceae, Picrodendraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Aizoaceae, Basellaceae, Talinaceae, Clethraceae, Heliotropiaceae, Calceolariaceae, Goodeniaceae and Viburnaceae.

... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES (29)

Nymphaeaceae, Chloranthaceae, Siparunaceae, Canellaceae, Winteraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Alismataceae, Dioscoreaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Smilacaceae, Pontederiaceae, Mayacaceae, Heliconiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae, Oxalidaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Begoniaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Opiliaceae, Droseraceae, Molluginaceae, Symplocaceae, Theaceae, Cordiaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Solanaceae and Aquifoliaceae.

... EQUAL SPECIES (8)

Ceratophyllaceae, Brunelliaceae, Putranjivaceae, Bataceae, Portulacaceae, Hydroleaceae, Cyrillaceae and Menyanthaceae.

COLOMBIA

1 ORDERS

Three unbrazilian orders occur in Colombia: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/10 in Colombia), and Desfontainiales (1:2/2 in Colombia). Brazil no has uncolombian orders. Colombia has (4:7/)11 spp. of Fagales: Morella (5), Quercus, Trigonobalanus, Juglans, Alfaroa, Oreomunnea and Alnus one species each.

2 FAMILIES

Only four families exceed 1000 spp. in Colombia (Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae) — in Brazil are eight (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae and Bromeliaceae). In all 20 largest families in Colombia, Brazil has more species except Orchidaceae (4,189 ✕ 2,734), Araceae (861 ✕ 490), Piperaceae (682 ✕ 497), Gesneriaceae (376 ✕ 226), Ericaceae (282 ✕ 95) and Dryopteridaceae (290 ✕ 190).

Only four families in Colombia are unknown in Brazil and Mexico simultaneously: Collumeliaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Alzateaceae and Peltantheraceae.

Colombia has 27 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil, with (34/)93 spp. overall (3/5 in Saurauia and Ribes), namely Papaveraceae (1/2), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Hamamelidaceae (1/1), Grossulariaceae (1/9), Fagaceae (2/2), Betulaceae (1/1), Juglandaceae (3/3), Myricaceae (1/5), Coriariaceae (1/1), Alzateaceae (1/1), Tovariaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/7), Tapisciaceae (1/3), Dipterocarpaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/1), Hydrangeaceae (1/3), Cornaceae (1/1), Polemoniaceae (2/3), Actinidiaceae (1/34), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Montiaceae (2/5), Namaceae (1/1), Phrymaceae (2/2), Peltantheracae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Collumeliaceae (2/2) and Phyllonomaceae (1/1).

In contrast, only 12 Brazilian families do not occur in Colombia, namely Hydnoraceae, Canellaceae, Nartherciaceae, Quillajaceae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Goodeniaceae, Calyceraceae and Griseliniaceae.

Colombian endemic genera in families without endemic genera in Brazil includes only Dipterocarpaceae (Pseudomonotes) and Vochysiaceae (Mahechadendron).

3 GENERA

Colombian largest genera, via POWO (AGO 09, 2026) are Epidendrum (572), Miconia (546), Stelis (491), Anthurium (458), Piper (410), Lepanthes (365), Palicourea (299), Peperomia (270), Philodendron (237) and Pleutothallis (213).

Genera with a notable diversity advantage in Colombia over Brazil (except some Orchidaceae, advantage in parenthesis) are Epidendrum (412^{572 ✕ 160}), Lepanthes (359^{365 ✕ 6}), Anthurium (297^{458 ✕ 161}), Palicourea (133), Piper (100^{410 ✕ 310}), Pentacalia (99), Peperomia (95), Columnea (92), Centropogon (85), Guzmania (80), Heliconia (72), Blakea (68), Cavendishia (67), Philodendron (67), Pitcairnia (61), Clusia (58), Lupinus (55), Oreopanax (54), Pilea (54), Sciodaphylum (49), Notopleura (46), Psammisia (46), Cranichis (45^{50 ✕ 5}), Matisia (44), Besleria (37), Meriania (37), Magnolia (36), Puya (36), Siphiocampylus (33), Ardisia (32), Drymonia (30), Weinmannia (30), Festuca (29), Alchemilla (28), Bomarea (28), Stenostephanus (28), Berberis (27), Hypericum (27), Aiphanes (26), Freziera (26), Geissanthus (26), Aphelandra (25), Monnina (25), Xanthosoma (24), Gunnera (23), Calathea (22), Calceolaria (22), Critoniopsis (22), Disterigma (22), Stenospermation (21), Tropaeolum (21), Verbesina (21), Dendrophtora (20) and Macrocarpaea (20).

Among representative-order genera absents in Brazil, Colombia has Buxus (1), Vitis (2), Malpighia (4), Huertea (3), Cornus (1), Metteniusa (7) and Gentiana (1) — 19 species in country. Other remarkable unbrazilian genera native to Colombia includes Phaseolus (Fabaceae), Morinda, Cinchona (Rubiaceae), Plumeria (Apocynaceae) and Tecoma (Bignoniaceae).

Excluding Orchidaceae and the 28 unbrazilian families, Colombia includes 487 genera unknown in Brazil (in 95 families), 〜3/5 of these in Asteraceae (97), Poaceae (29), Rubiaceae (28), Fabaceae (22), Gesneriaceae (19), Melastomataceae (18), Malvaceae (16), Apiaceae (13), Arecaceae (13), Solanaceae (11) and Ericaceae (10).

Monotropa uniflora (Ericaceae)

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXX

4 INFRATAXA

INFRAFAMILIAR NOTES

In this section, we highlight families and genera in which Colombia has clades that are not represented in Brazil.

MAGNOLIANAE

ANNONACEAE ‣ all New World groups occur in Brazil except tribe Miliuseae (29/490-495). New World members of this tribe composes Sapranthinae subtribe, with two genera — Desmopsis and Sapranthus, all from Mexico to Colombia, the first also in Cuba.

LILIANAE

ARECACEAE ‣ 11 of the 15 South American tribes occur in Brazil — the exceptions are tribe Sabaleae (Coryphoideae, 1/14) with Sabal in Colombia and Venezuela; tribe Ceroxyleae (Ceroxyloideae, 4/34) with Ceroxylon and Juania from Venezuela to Bolivia and Juan Fernandes in Chile; tribe Roystoneae (Arecoideae, 1/11) with Roystonea in Colombia and Venezuela; and tribe Reinhardtieae (Arecoideae, 1/6) with Reinhardtia in NW Colombia.

BROMELIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Glomeropitcairnieae in Tillandsioideae (1/2 in South America) in N Venezuela, and Greigia clade in Bromelioideae (4/41 in South America) from Mexico to Chile (continental and insular), Argentina and Venezuela.

CYPERACEAE ‣ all 14 South American tribes occur in Brazil except tribe Scirpeae (9/74) represented by 6 genera and 21 spp. in South America, from Colombia to Argentina and Chile.

POACEAE ‣ despite the huge amount of genera in Pooideae and Chloridioideae does not occur in Brazil, all South American tribes and subfamilies in the family occur in Brazil except subfamily Arundinoideae (11-13/35-37), with Phragmites australis (Nees) Döll in all coutries of New World except Brazil, Paraguay and some Caribbean islands, and tribe Brachypodieae (1/18) at Pooideae, with Brachypodium mexicanum (Roem. & Schult.) Link from Colombia to Bolivia. Furthermore, 7 subtribes in Pooideae and 8 in Chloridioideae among tribes ound in Braziloccur in South America but non in Brazil.

RANUNCULANAE

RANUNCULACEAE ‣ two subfamilies in South America, subfamily Ranunculoideae subcosmopolitan, present in S Brazil, and subfamily Thalictroideae (7-8/280-340) unknown in country, with 7 spp. of Thalictrum All. known from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.

BUXANAE

BUXACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Stylocerateae (4/21) occur worldwide, and in South America from Colombia to Bolivia and W Brazil, and Buxeae (1/101), widely in northern Hemisphere, which in South America occur only from Caribbean coast of Colombia, Venezuela, and in Suriname.

SAXIFRAGANAE

CRASSULACEAE ‣ only two genera in South America, one in a each subfamily: Crassuloideae occur in Brazil (1), and Sempervivoideae (18/1,185) has Sedum in continent, with 43 spp. in region, from Venezuela to Argentina, mainly in high mountains from Peru.

ROSANAE

CELASTRACEAE ‣ nine lineages in South America, seven in Brazil, two absent: tribe Stackhousioideae (18/89) with two species of Crossopetalum from Venezuela to Peru, and tribe Brexioideae (15/108-123) with Elaeodendron xylocarpum (Vent.) DC. in Venezuela.

MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ 13 lineages in South America, all in South America except Ectopopterys clade (1/1), restricted fro Colombia to Peru.

VIOLACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, subfamily Violoideae occur in Brazil, and subfamily Fusispermoideae (1/3) is absent, with two species of Fusispermum from Colombia to Peru.

EUPHORBIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Aleuritidae (15/60), with Garcia nutans Vahl ex Rohr in Colombia.

FABACEAE ‣ 33 clades in South America, 31 tribes among three subfamilies and two small subfamilies All occur in Brazil except four: Prioria clade (3/16) with Prioria copaifera Griseb. in NW Colombia; Cladrastidoids clade (3/18) with Styphnolobium sporadicum M. Sousa & Rudd in NW Colombia; tribe Glycyrrhizeae (1/18) with Glycyrrhiza astragalina Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. in Argentina and Chile; and tribe Hedysareae (25–27/〜4,300) with 117 species of Astragalus from Ecuador to Argentina and Chile.

ROSACEAE ‣ 7 tribes occur in South America, five in Brazil, tribe Spireeae (8/〜110), with Holodiscus argenteus (L.f.) Maxim. in Colombia, and tribe Pyrodeae (27/〜730), with (2/)18 species from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile Among native Brazilian tribe Potentilleae, subtribe Potentiliinae (1/493) is nknown in Brazil, with 4 species of Potentilla from Venezuela to Argentina.

MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ 18 lineages, 17 tribes of subfamily Melastomatoideae plus two genera from subfamily Olisbeoideae occur in South America, only two are absent in Brazil: tribe Astronieae (4/156) with 4 spcies of Tessmannianthus in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; and tribe Cyphostyleae (4/20), fully exclusive from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

ANACARDIACEAE ‣ six lineages (one small subfamily, two singled tribes in Anacardioideae, and three clades within tribe Anacardieae) occur in South America, all in Brazil except Clade 3 for Anacardieae (10/〜100), with 16 species of Mauria in Venezuela to Bolivia.

SAPINDACEAE ‣ 11 lineages in South America (one small subfamily and 10 tribes within two remaining subfamilies), 4 unknown in Brazil: subfamily Hipocastonoideae (5/180-185), with one Billia in Colombia; tribe Doratoxyleae (8/19) at Dodonaeoideae, with one Exothea in Colombia and Ecuador; Blomia clade (3/10) at Sapindoideae, with a genus exclusive genus in Argentina and Chile; and tribe Bridgesieae (1/1), also Sapindoideae, monotypic tribe endemic to Chile.

RUTACEAE ‣ six subfamilies, three are unknwon in South America, two (Cneoroideae and Zanthoxyloideae) occur in Brazil, and Amyridoideae (3/42) has Amyris, with 12 species from Venezuela to Peru and Guianas.

CLEOMACEAE ‣ family in deep rearrangement, with six lineages in the New World, four in Brazil, Iltisella Clade (1/2) only in Mexico and America Central, and Andean Clade (4/39), from Mexico to Bolivia and Caribbean, all genera in South America.

BRASSICACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Aethionomoideae (1/56) and Brassicoideae, the latter with five supertribes, all in New World, four in South America, and 57 tribes belongs in this family, 12 in South America, two in Brazil (Cardamineae and Lepidieae) and 10 absent in 4 supertribes (German et al., PhytoKeys, 2023):

▪ [Camelinodae]: tribes Descuiraneae (6/45, (3/)12 from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile), Physarieae (7/133, only six species of Physaria from Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay) and Halimolobeae (6/39, (4/)13 from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile).

▪ [Brassicodae]: tribes Coluteocarpeae (3/127, Noccaea magelanica (Comm. ex Poir.) Holub from Argentina and Chile), Thelypodieae (28/260, (14/)96 species in South America) and Brassiceae (〜36/〜275, Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O.E. Schulz in Colombia and Venezuela).

▪ [Heliophiloidae]: tribes Eudemeae (10/〜43, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile), Cremolobeae (4/32, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile) and Schizopetaleae (4/19, all from Peru, Argentina and Chile).

▪ [Arabodae]: (45/)750 spp., with (2/)84 sepciesfrom Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.

MALVACEAE ‣ nine subfamilies, 8 in South America, all of them and your tribes occur in Brazil except subfamily Tilioideae (3/37), from temperate regions on the northern Hemisphere, with Mortoniodendron (15) reaching to NW Colombia (1) in South America.

CARYOPHYLLANAE

CARYOPHYLLACEAE ‣ eight tribes in South America, two unknown in Brazil: tribe Theliphoideae (2/15) with 4 spp. of Corrigiola in Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina; and tribe Sileneae (2/882), with 23 spp. of Silene from Ecuador to Argentina and Chile.

NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ six lineages in South America (three small subfamilies and three tribes in subfamily Nyctaginoideae), two of them no recorded in Brazil, being subfamily Boldoideae (3/3), with (2/)2 species in Colombia to Bolivia; and tribe Colignonieae (1/6) exclusive from Colombia to Argentina.

CACTACEAE ‣ 13 lineages at this family (3 small subfamilies and 10 tribes within Opuntioideae and Cactoideae), all in South America, five unknown in Brazil, two in Colombia: tribe Tephrocacteae (7/57) among Opuntioideae, restricted from Colombia to Argentina and Chile; and tribe Cacteae (32-35/405-425) with two species of Mamillaria in Colombia and Venezuela in Cactoideae.

ASTERANAE

LOASACEAE ‣ three subfamilies, all in Brazil except Gronoviodeae (4/9) with Gronovia scandens L. from Venezuela and Peru.

TETRAMERISTACEAE ‣ a smaller family with two genera in South America, the monotypic Pentamerista at tribe Tetrameristeae in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, and Pelliciera (2) at tribe Pelliciereae, with one species in mangroves from Ecuador and Colombia.

ERICACEAE ‣ 8 lineages (two small subfamilies and six tribes within two remaining subfamilies) occur in South America, three unknown in Brazil, one in Colombia, subfamily Monotropoideae (14/55-60) with one Monotropa in Colombia.

SOLANACEAE ‣ family with several lineages with dubious nomenclatural position. 19 lineages in South America, 7 subfamily-equivalent plus 12 tribe-equivalent within subfamilies Cestroideae and Solanoideae, six unknown in Brazil, two at subfamily-equivalent level and four tribe-equivalent level, one in Colombia, tribe Browallieae (1/17) at Cestroideae with 17 species of Browallia from Venezuela to Bolivia.

GENTIANACEAE ‣ six tribes in South America, only tribe Gentianeae (17/940-970) absent in Brazil, with (3/)218 species in South America.

APOCYNACEAE ‣ all South American clades of Apocynaceae occur in South America except monogeneric subtribes Pentacyphinae (5, Venezuela to Peru) and Diplolepinae (14, Argentina and Chile), both in tribe Asclepiadeae.

RUBIACEAE ‣ 31 tribes in South America, only two unknown in Brazil: tribe Rondeletieae (13/c. 210) with 13 species of Rondeletia from Venezuela to Peru; and tribe Anthospermeae (10/210-215), with 7 species in three genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.

GESNERIACEAE ‣ two of the three South American subfamilies do not occur in Brazil: subfamily Sanangoideae (1/1), monotypic restricted from Peru and Ecuador, and subfamily Epithemateae (7/c. 80) with a single New World species, Rhynchoglossum azureum (Schltdl.) B.L. Burtt, from Mexico to Honduras, Costa Rica to Peru All South American clades in Gesnerioideae occur in Brazil except tribe Coronanthereae (9/23), with three monotypic genera from Argentina and S Chile, and subtribe Gesneriinae (4/c. 70), with two species of Rhytidophyllum in Colombia and Venezuela.

PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ nine lineages (two small subfamilies and 7 tribes within three remaining subfamilies) in South America, three on recorded in Brazil: tribe Sibthorpieae (2/6, Plantaginoideae) with two species of Sibthorpia from Venezuela to Argentina; tribe Russelioideae within a unnamed subfamily, with R. sarmentosa Jacq. in Colombia; and subfamily Antirrhinoideae (26/290-300) with nine species along three genera from Venezuela to Argentina.

SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ four lineages in South America, all with a single genus in continent, one oft these in Brazil: tribe Hemimeridae (5/c. 160), with Alonsoa (10) from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile, also in Africa.

LAMIACEAE ‣ 12 subfamilies, seven in New World and all in Brazil except the Callicarpa Clade, composed exclusively by Callicarpa acuminata Kunth in South America, up to Venezuela and Bolivia.

OROBANCHACEAE ‣ four tribes of this family occur in South America, Orobancheae (12/c. 180) and Rhinantheae (15/340-510) absent in Brazil, tribes that together possess three genera in from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile (Aphyllon, Euphrasia and Neobartsia).

BIGNONIACEAE ‣ six tribes of Bignoniaceae occur in South America, three unknown in Brazil: Tourretieae (2/4, Mexico to Argentina), Tecomeae (11/72, North America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Mexico to Nicaragua, Peru to Argentina and Chile, with T. stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth up to Mexico) and Delostomeae (1/4, Venezuela to Peru).

APIACEAE ‣ all 5 major clades of Apiaceae in South America occur in Brazil, the majority however with a minimal amount of representative genera. The large family groups non-native in Brazil are the tribe-level Diposis clade (3, Chile to Uruguay) and Asteriscium clade (six genera, 1 in Oceania and 5 from Ecuador to Argentina) both among Azorelloideae, and the subtribe-level Arracacia clade (15 genera, 8 from Venezuela to Bolivia, 41 spp. in continent).

INFRAGENERIC NOTES

In this section, we highlight genera in which Colombia has clades that are not represented in Brazil. In 42 genera, Colombia has infrageneric taxa that are absent from Brazil and are of particular interest; these are listed below.

In this text, we use the notation 'subgen' to indicate the relationship between a genus and one of its subgenera, and 'sect' to indicate the relationship between a genus and one of its sections. For infrageneric clades that are not formally recognized as either subgenera or sections, we use the notation A\B. 10 of these genera occur in Colombia but does not occur in Brazil: Sedum (Crassulaceae), Juglans (Juglandaceae), Quercus (Fagaceae), Montia (Montiaceae), Montiopsis (Montiaceae), Cobaea (Polemoniaceae), Saurauia (Actinidiaceae), Erythranthe (Phrymaceae), Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) and Sanicula (Apiaceae).

MAGNOLIANAE

Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) ‣ three sections and 4 subsections of this genus occur in the New World, two in South America but non in Brazil, namely subsect Chocotalauma (6, 3 in Colombia and 3 in Ecuador) and subsect Dugandiodendron (22, E Venezuelan and Andes from Colombia to Peru).

Peperomia (Piperaceae) ‣ modern analyzes (Wanke, Plant Biology, 2006) indicate a arrangement with 8 distinct lineages, of which Brazilian members are confirmed for all clades except clade A (present in Colombia).

Piper (Piperaceae) ‣ three main lineages namely Neotropical, Asian, and South Pacific. These main lineages comprise ten major clades. Neotropical lineage can be subdivided in to eight clades, all occurring in Brazil except clade Piper cinereum/Piper aurita clade, with two species, from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana (Jaramillo et al., Systematic Botany, 2008).

LILIANAE

Anthurium (Araceae) ‣ 18 sections accepted here (Croat, Aroideana, 1983 | TB Croat, J.Lingán, & D.Hayworth, Rodriguésia, 2005 | Temporini, Thesis, 2006 | Carlsen & Croat, Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 2019 | Croat, MOBOT, 2017), some in Colombia but unknown in Brazil.

Polyphyllium Clade

sect Polyphyllium (2) - composed by A. flexile Schott and and A. clidemioides Standley, Mexico to Colombia. Most basal member of genus.

U2D Clade (3 clades, one possibly in Colombia but non in Brazil)

subclade 2 - Pachyneurium pro parte, possibly absent in Brazil.

Core Clade (possibly 7 sections in Colombia but non in Brazil).

sect Andiphilum (25) - mainly America Central.

sect Calomystrium (184).

sect Belolonchium (220).

sect Cardiolonchium (175).

sect Digitinervium (41) - Costa Rica to tropical Andes.

sect Multinervia (16).

sect Semaeophyllium (23) - Nicaragua to Peru (Carlsen & Croat, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2007).

Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) ‣ four subgenera belongs this genus (Hofreiter, Systematic Botany, 2008) namely subgen Baccata (5, Panama to N Colombia in South America), subgen Bomarea (80, all range of genus, including the single Brazilian species), subgen Wichuraea (18, high Andes) and subgen Sphaerine (12, Venezuela to Bolivia).

Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) ‣ formed by 10 sections (Inácio & al., Taxon, 2017), possibly 4 in Colombia but non in Brazil, namely sect Cephalanthum (〜20, Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur), sect Echthronema (7, W North America to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia), sect Hydastylus (6, North America, America Central, W South America and Hawaii) and sect Segetia (6, W South America).

Cattleya (Orchidaceae) ‣ 4 subgenera (Van Den Berg, Phytotaxa, 2014), three in Brazil and subgen Maximae (1, Venezuela to Peru, unknown in Brazil).

Stelis (Orchidaceae) ‣ ten subgenera in this genus (Karremans, Lankesteriana, 2019), six in Brazil and 4 absent, namely sect Physosiphon (6, Mexico to Bolivia), sect Condylago (2, Panama and Colombia), sect Uncifera (42, Mexico to Bolivia) and sect Dracontia (40, Mexico to Andes).

Chusquea (Poaceae) ‣ five subgenera, 6 sections and 5 groups in this genus (Fisher et al., Systematic Botany, 2014), all from Brazil except four sections within subgen Chusquea (sect Longifoliae, sect Longiprophyllae, sect Serpentes and sect Verticillatae), C. culeou group in subgen Swallenochloa (southern Andes, 0–2,000m), and subgen Platonia (Colombia to Ecuador).

Poa (Poaceae) ‣ five subgenera belongs this genus (Soreng et al, Aarhus, 2010 | Poa in Flora of China, SEE | Giussani et al., Annals of Botany, 2016), namely subgen Ochlopoa (sect Alpinae and sect Parodiochloa in New World), subgen Pseudopoa, subgen Poa (sect Macropoa, sect Homalopoa and sect Poa in New World), subgen Stenopoa (sect Pandemos, sect Secundae and sect Stenopoa in New World) and subgen Sylvestres (native in New World). Some taxa possibly occur in Colombia.

RANUNCULEAE

Berberis (Berberidaceae) ‣ 132 spp. in South America, all within Australes group, a taxa endemic to continent, in 16 sections (Adhikari & al., Taxon, 2015), only three in Brazil: sect Buxifoliae, sect Ilicifoliae and sect Laurinae. 4 sections are exclusive to Argentina and Chile, but the two largest (25 and 22 species) are from the tropical Andes.

MYROTHAMNEAE

Gunnera (Gunneraceae) ‣ six sections (HP et al., The Families and Genera of Flowering Plants, 2007), one in Colombia but unknown in Brazil, sect Misandra (2, Andean region).

SAXIFRAGANAE

Sedum (Crassulaceae) ‣ a chaotic genus with two major groups (Messerschmid & al., Taxon, 2020), Leucosedum clade (200, Sedeae pro parte, incuding Pistorinia, Rosularia, Prometheum, Afrovivella, Sedella, Dudleya, Sedum pro parte) and Acre clade (550, Sedeae pro parte, Cremnophila, Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Lenophyllum, Pachyphytum, Thompsonella, Villadia, Sedum pro parte).

ROSANAE

Hypericum (Hypericaceae) ‣ two subgenera worldwide and 33 sections (Robinson, Phytotaxa, 2016), only one in Colombia but unknown in Brazil, sect Brathys (88, Andes S to Peru & Bolivia, C & E North America).

Viola (Vioaceae) ‣ 664 species accepted into two subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections (Marcussen et al., Plants, 2022) — subgen Neoandinium has 139 spp. in 11 sections, 7 only from Argentina and Chile, sect Inconspicuiflos (8) is endemic to Peru, and three remainig widely in W South America; subgen Viola has 20 sections, of which 7 occur in South America, namely sect Chilenium (2, Colombia to Patagonia), sect Leptidium (18, Mexico to Bolivia, Lesser Antilles, SE Brazil), sect Nosphinium subsect Mexicanae (10, Mexico to Ecuador), sect Rubellium (3, endemic to C Chile), sect Tridens (1, Chile and Argentina), sect Viola subsect Rostratae (51, north-temperate, except for V. huidobrii Gay in Argentina and Chile, and one in New Guinea), and sect Xanthidium (2, Peru to N Argentina).

Passiflora (Passifloraceae) ‣ 5 subgenera (Feuillet & MacDougal, Passiflora, 2003 | Krosnick et al., Systematic Botany, 2009), subdivided into various categories, four in New World.

subgen Astrophea (62), in five sections, all from Brazil except sect Astrophea (Colombia to Peru, giant Passiflora).

subgen Decaloba (230), in 8 subsections, 5 in Brazil and three unknwon, only one of these in Colombia, sect Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela).

subgen Deidamioides (13), in five sections, two unknown in Brazil, one in Colombia, sect Tryphostemmatoides (4, Nicaragua to Ecuador, sometimes placed as fully subgenus | Ocampo et al., Phytotaxa, 2019).

subgen Passiflora (253), in six supersections, only one unknown in Brazil, supersect Tacsonia (〜64, Andes | Stefan, Souto-Vilarós & Renner, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 2004).

Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) ‣ genus currently divided into two non-subgenus placement (both from Caribbean), 5 subgenera (all in Brazil), and among the 19 sections from subgen Phyllanthus and subgen Xylophylla, only sect Oxalistylis (monotypic from Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela) occur in Colombia but non in Brazil.

Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ genus with 8 sections, with sect Calyptrosolen (20), mainly in Mexico and America Central, but with a few species in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, unique unknown in Brazil.

Croton (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 31 sections in the New World (Van Ee & al., Taxon, 2011), 22 in South America, of which three are absent from Brazil, two known in Colombia, namely sect Cupreati (1, Colombia and Ecuador) and sect Drepanii (6, only C. costatus (weed) in South America, on the coast of Colombia and Venezuela).

Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ a large and high morphological diverse genus with 4 subgenera and 64 sections, only 18 in New World, 10 in Brazil. Only one section occur in Colombia but non in Brazil, namely sect Euphorbiastrum occur in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru to S Mexico and Caribbean.

Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 19 sections (Rogers and Appan, (Flora Neotropica, 1973), 14 in Brazil and only one in Colombia unknown in Brazil, sect Carthaginensis (2, N Venezuela to N Colombia).

Juglans (Juglandaceae) ‣ 4 sections worldwide (Mallikarjuna, Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2006), namely sect Trachycaryon monotypic endemic to E North America; sect Juglans with J. regia L. from Europe to China and the Himalayas, and J. sigillata Dode endemic to China; sect Cardiocaryon with three spp. from China, Japan and Korea; and sect Rhysocaryon (16), the black walnuts, endemic to the New World and includes nine North American, three American Central and all four South American taxa.

Quercus (Fagaceae) ‣ two subgenera (subgen Quercus with 5 sections, all in New World, and subgen Cerris with 3 sections, only the first in New World). South American member Q. humboldtii Bonpl. belongs subgen Quercus sect Lobatae, a high clade with 120 species exclusively from New World (Denk et al, Tree Physiology, 2007).

Begonia (Begoniaceae) ‣ Moonlight et al. (Taxon, 2018) monographed the genus classification. Eight sections occur in Colombia but non in Brazil, namely sect Gobenia (16 Colombia to Peru), sect Hidristyles (11, Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia), sect Eupetalum (16, Venezuela to Argentina), sect Pilderia (6, Guyana to Peru and Trinidad e Tobago), sect Semibegoniella (15, Colombia and Ecuador), sect Gireoudia (111, Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela), sect Casparia (28, Costa Rica to Peru) and sect Ruizopavonia (32, Mexico to Bolivia).

Fuchsia (Onagraceae) ‣ nine sections worldwide (Berry, Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 1982), eight unknown in Brazil, two in Colombia, namely sect Fuchsia (61, tropical Andes, Hispaniola) and sect Hemsleyella (14, tropical Andes).

Meriania (Melastomataceae) ‣ five sections (Chiavegatto & Baumgratz, Systematic Botany, 2015), the unknown in Brazil and possibly in Colombia, namely sect Eumerianie, sect Umbellata and sect Pachymeriae.

Pavonia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 subgenera, 15 sections and 9 subsections emerges of this genus (Fryxell, Flora Neotropica, 1999)), all in Brazil except four clades, two in Colombia, namely subgen Asterochlamys sect Albae (3, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) and subgen Typhalea sect Diathericae (1, endemic to mangroves in Pacific coast of Colombia).

Gossypium (Malvaceae) ‣ 4 genera (Wendel et al., Physiology of Cotton, 2009), namely subgen Sturtia (17, Australia), subgen Gossypium (16, Old World), subgen Houzingenia (13, New World, 10 exclusive to Mexico, 1 to N Mexico to S USA, Ecuador and Peru one endemic each | Grover et al., Genome Biology and Evolution, 2019), and subgen Karpas (5, G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. cultivars, possibly in Colombia, in addition to 3 micro-endemic: one in Hawai, another in Galápagos, and G. mustelinum Miers ex G. Watt, endemic to NE Brazil).

CARYOPHYLLANAE

Callandrinia (Montiaceae) ‣ two sections (Hershkovitz (Article, 2019), namely sect Calandrinia (8, along the American cordillera nearly from British Colombia to SW USA and NW Mexico, C Mexico to the Andes of N Argentina except Panama, Buenos Aires Province in Argentina, throughout all but the southernmost, and one species possibly native to the Falkland Islands) and sect Cespitosae (11, W South America, one extending to America Central and S Mexico).

Montia (Montiaceae) ‣ three sections (Hershkovitz (Article, 2019), namely sect Montia (6, including the widespread M. fontana L. and two species from NW South America), sect Australiensis (9, 8 in Australia/New Zealand and one in NW North America and SW Canada), and sect Montiastrum (4, NW North America and NE Asia).

ASTERANAE

Cobaea (Polemoniaceae) ‣ 4 sections in this genus: sect Cobaea is mainly Mexican, with one species occurring in the Andes; sect Pachysepalae is restricted to southern Mexico and Guatemala; sect Rosenbergia is widespread in the Neotropics; and sect Triovulatae is restricted to central Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama (Prater, Systematic Botany, 1999).

Micropholis (Sapotaceae) ‣ two sections in this genus, namely sect Micropholis (29), widely distributed throughout tropical America, and sect Exsertistamen (9), from Guianas region that extends through the Brazilian Amazon to Peru (Pennington, Royal Botanical Garden, 1991).

Parathesis (Myrsinaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Ricketson & Pipoly, Sida, 2003), namely subg. Lateralis (unknown in Brazil, possibly in Colombia) and subg. Parathesis (2 species in Brazil).

Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) ‣ there is no global genus review; for South America, there are 7 sections (Soejarto, Fieldiana, 1980), all exclusive from continent, with largest numbers in Colombia (6, sect Omichlophilea endemic) and Peru (5, sect Gynotrichae endemic).

Heliotropium (Heliotropiaceae) ‣ 4 clades, three in South America (F.Luebert et al., Science Direct, 2011), namely Heliothamnus clade (11, a single section, Peru and Chile), Cochranea clade (17, a single section, Andes from Colombia to Chile), and Tournefortia clade (170, eight sections in South America, of which only Hypsogenia and Plagiomeris, both from Puna to Patagonian and Mediterranean Andes do not occur in Brazil).

Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) ‣ 24 sections within 3 subgenera, but most of them are polyphyletic, and the division proves to be unsuitable (Andersson, Taxon, 2006).

Ruellia (Acanthaceae) ‣ 15 lineages in New World (Manzitto-Tripp & Daniel, Taxon, 2023), 11 in Brazil (3 endemic), and 4 unknown: Mexico and USA one endemic each; one in Colombia, Venezuela and Bolivia; and one from Costa Rica to Bolivia.

Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) ‣ 12 sections (Barker, Nesom, Beardsley & Fraga, Phytoneuron, 2012), 8 only in North America/Mexico (29), two from Asia/North America (18 in North America and 10 in Asia), and three also in South America, namely sect Sinopitheca (4), from Asia with E. bridgesii (Benth.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Argentina and Chile; sect Mimulosma (18) with E. stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L. Nesom from Russia, 17 from USA and Mexico, and E. moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Chile; and sect Simiola (38), mainly restricted from North America and Mexico (E. glabrata (Kunth) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Colombia), with nine in Chile, 4 of then reaching into Argentina, 1 into Bolivia, and adjacent S Peru.

Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) ‣ composed by three genera (O´Leary et al., American Journal of Botany, 2020 | O´Leary et al., Annals of the Misssouri Botanical Garden, 2021), only one inclusing posibly species in Colombia but non in Brazil.

subgen Citharexylum - three sections, with sect Citharexylum (〜30, mainly Mesoamerica, six extend into the Caribbean and N South America, absent in Brazil) in Colombia.

Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) ‣ three subgenera (Fleischmann, Carnivorous Plant Newletter, 2021), namely subgen Isoloba (19, four sections, only sect Ampullipalatum in South America with 11 species in region, all restricteds from continent, six from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and 5 in Argentina and Chile), subgen Pinguicula (〜30, northern hemisphere, absent in South America) and subgen Temnoceras (〜73, four sections, only one in South America, sect Heterophylliformis, monotypic section with P. elongata Benj. from Andes of Colombia and Venezuela).

Capsicum (Solanaceae) ‣ 11 clades (Carrizo & García et al., Annals of Botany, 2016), only Andean Clade from C & W South America possibly including Colombian members.

Solanum (Solanaceae) ‣ three major clades (Thelopodium, Lineage I, Lineage II | Hilgenhof et al., Taxon, 2023), 11 medium-sized (7 in Brazil) and 48 smaller end-clades within the two large major clades. In Lineage I, Brazil has only 3 of 16 clades (13 absent, 8 of Petota, 4 in VANA, and Regmandra); in Lineage II except Leptostemonum, Brazil includes 11 clades (two endemic), and two are absent (Argentina and Peru one endemic each); in Leptostemonum, Brazil includes 13 clades (two endemic) of 19 clades (outsiders two in Caribbean, one in North America to Mexico, one in Argentina, one only in Old World, and one from Texas to Colombia and Caribbean).

5 COLOMBIA FLORA BY GROUP

BRYOPHYTA, MARCHANTYOPHYTA AND ANTHOCEROPHYTA

Colombia has an advantage in the two largest groups: Marchantiophyta (703 ✕ 698) and Bryophyta (932 ✕ 896). In addition, Colombia has 2 more genera of Marchantiophyta. However, the advantage is Brazilian in all other comparisons.

LYCOPHYTES

In Lycopodiales, Brazil leads Colombia in all colombian genera except tied status in Lycopodiella (4 ✕ 4), Austrolycopodium (1 ✕ 1), Diphasium (1 ✕ 1), Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1), and lose in Palhinhaea (8 ✕ 6) and Phlegmariurus (75 ✕ 39).

In Selaginellales, Colombia (7/97, largest diversity in New World) include six (Didiclis unknown in Brazil) and Brazil includes only five (Gymnogynum, Bryodesma, Megaloselaginella, Pulviniella and Selaginella). Brazil and Colombia tied in Bryodesma, Megalosellaginella and Pulviniella. Brazil lose for Colombia in Gymnogynum (24 ✕ 16) and Selaginella (67 ✕ 60).

MONILOPHYTES

Colombia has an advantage in Equisetaceae (3 ✕ 1, two Equisetum), Ophioglossaceae (6 ✕ 5, one Botrychium), Psilotaceae (2 ✕ 1, Psilotum coplanatum), Marattiaceae (23 ✕ 16), Hymenophyllaceae (126 ✕ 92), Gleicheniaceae (30 ✕ 16), Cyatheaceae (130 ✕ 59), Aspleniaceae (293 ✕ 253), Dennstaedtiaceae (40 ✕ 25), and Polypodiaceae (592 ✕ 400). Overall, Colombia has 1,428 spp. compared to 1,206 in Brazil. Excluding Polypodiaceae, advantage of Colombia drops from 222 to 30.

Advantage of Colombia in Zamia (more 19, 17 endemics), and two genera of Podocarpaceae, namely Pectinopitys harmsiana (Pilg.) C.N.Page (Venezuela to Bolivia) and Prumnopitys montana (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) de Laub. (Venezuela to Peru).

6 MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES

38 notes about 161 Colombian plants (61 only for cushions or Calceolaria).

Ceroxylon quindiuense (Arecaceae, E Andes of Colombia, N Peru) is tallest of all Monocots worldwide. Aosa grandis (Standl.) R.H.Acuña & Weigend is among the largest species of Loasaceae, both in terms of absolute plant size and in the size of its organs — in the wild, plants have stems up to ca. 4 m long and 7 cm in diameter; the leaves are usually very large, reaching lengths up to ca. 50 cm, as are the bracteate inflorescences that can grow to more than 1 m long (Acuña & Wigend, Phytotaxa, 2018). For the tallest members of this Melastomataceae in New World, the most likely are Miconia (M. poeppigii Triana), Mouriri and Tessmannianthus (NTBG | Melastomataceae, as T. cenepensis Wurdack in Ecuador and Peru up to 25 m, T. calcaratus (Gleason) Wurdack up to 30m in Colombia, and T. heterostemon Markgr. up to 45m in Peru and Ecuador (SEE) — all remaining species are fewer 20m, viz T. carinatus Almeda, T. cereifolius Almeda, T. gordonii Almeda, and T. quadridomius Wurdack). Begonia parvifolia Liebm. from Costa Rica to Peru is possibly the tallest member of this genus in New World (Daily Mail).

Colombia includes achlorophyllous in five unbrazilian genera and four high-achlorophyllous lineages: Bdallophytum (Cytinaceae), Corynaea (Balanophoraceae), Monotropa (unique South American holomycotrophic genus unknown in Brazil native to Colombia), Mitrastemon (Mitrastemonaceae) and Lennoa (Ehretiaceae).

Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae, with two species in Colombia), is the only Colombian carnivorous genera unknown in Brazil.

10 parasitic genera occur in Colombia but non in Brazil, namely Bdallophytum (Cytinaceae), Aetanthus, Maracanthus, Tristerix (Loranthaceae), Corynaea (Balanophoraceae), Mitrastemon (Mitrastemonaceae), Lennoa (Ehretiaceae), Lamourouxia, Neobartsia and Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae).

Passiflora (Passifloraceae) includes nine species as true trees, all from Colombia but one (4 endemic), remaining up to Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru. P. lindeniana Planch. ex Triana & Planch reaches up to 20m high (Almanaque Z/Flora World). Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) includes six true trees (up to 15m tall in a mexican endemic), all from Mexico, I. wolcottiana Rose, Gard. & Forest and I. pauciflora M. Martens & Galeotti up to Peru in South America (Almanaque Z/Flora World). Aristolochia arborea is the most arborescent species of this genus (Angios Bergianska), known from Mexico to Colombia (POWO).

Annual herbs at Bignoniaceae does not occur in Brazil, but occur in colombian Ecrremocarpus and Tourretia.

Two high-epiphytes lineages, represented by Burmannia kalbreyeri (Burmanniaceae) and Cochliostema (Commelinaceae, America Central to Ecuador) occur in Colombia but non in Brazil. Three species of Solanum are epiphytes (Tepe & Bohs, Systematic Botany, 2011), including S. evolvulifolium Greenm. (Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela). Voyria aphylla (Jacq.) Pers. and V. spruceana Benth. (Gentianaceae) have already been collected growing as epiphytes at about 30 m in height in Colombia (Merckx, Mycoheterotrophy: The Biology of Plants Living on Fungi, 2013).

Colombia includes Oxalis lotoides and O. medicaginea, the two unique lianoid Oxalis, both absent in Brazil. At Brassicaceae, lianoids occur only in Heliophila from South Africa, some Australian Lepidium, and in Cremolobus from South America (K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer, vol V, 2003).

Pelliciera (2, Tetrameristaceae, Honduras to Colombia and Ecuador) is one strong remarkable high-lineage of mangroves absent in Brazil, and the unique mangrove genus in New World unknown in Brazil.

Two high-lineages in sea grasses (Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme) occur in Colombia, but non in Brazil.

Succulent Crassulaceae in South America occur only in Sedum, with 3 species in Colombia and none in Brazil.

Colombia includes (13:20/)38 spp. of true cushions.

A remarkable xylopodia occur in Morella (Myricaceae), a unbrazilian Colombian genus.

Chusquea spectabilis (Poaceae, Venezuela to Ecuador) has the largest leaf on all grasses worldwide. Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast. from Colombia and Ecuador has largest leaves in entire Passifloraceae, ranging up to 1m long. Colombia also includes the species with the largest leaves in their genera/families: Grias purpuripetala (150-200 cm ✕ 42-75 cm, Lecythidaceae), Schlegelia dressleri (Schlegeliaceae), Guarea cartaguenya (Meliaceae), Iryanthera megistophylla (Myristicaceae), Ilex sp. nov. (leaves 15-25 ✕ ca. 10 cm, Aquifoliaceae), Protium amplum (Burseraceae), Macrolobium archeri (Fabaceae, also in Ecuador) and Psittacanthus gigas (Loranthaceae, leaves 50-100 cm long).

Rhytidanthera from Colombia and Venezuela is the only genus of Ochnaceae with compound leaves. Alloneuron from Colombia (3) and Peru has the unique Neotropical Melastomataceae with semicraspedodromic venation.

Sx unbrazilian myrmecophyte lineages occur in Colombia, namely Myrmecophila (2), Allomaitea (1), Blakea (4), Henriettea (1), Hoffmania (1) and Besleria (1).

Passiflora antioquiensis, endemic to Colombia, has possibly the largest flowers of Passifloraceae.

Tacarcuna amanoifolia from Colombia and Peru has the largest merosity in Phyllanthaceae.

Dioecy in Melastomataceae occur only in Miconia, none in Brazil, 4 in Colombia.

Flagelliflory in Colombia outside in Brazil includes Erythrochiton fallax in Rutaceae and Anaxagorea floribunda in Annonaceae).

Cauliflorous Bignoniaceae in Crescentieae includes members of Amphitecna and Parmentiera, both unknown in Brazil, totaling 4 species in Colombia. Colombia also has two high-epiphyllous unbrazilian lineages, namely Phylonoma ruscifolia (ramified inflorescence) and Erythrochiton hypophyllanthus (unique among all angiosperms in lower surface of flower).

Four genera (and family) lineages of spur-nectar plants are unbrazilian Colombian natives, namely Halenia (12), Euphorbia tithymalodes, Pinguincula (2) and Nuttalanthus subandinus.

In South America, only Xanthosoma (Araceae) has pollen in tetrads and monads — monads species occur only from Venezuela to Peru (two in Colombia, one endemic).

Attalea cutrecasana, endemic to Colombia, has the third largest fruits among all Arecaceae. Saccoglottis ovicarpa (Panama and Colombia) has the largest fruit of all Humiriaceae. Two species, in Compsoneura and Iryanthera, both from Choco region in Colombia, has the largest fruits in their genera. Zanthoxylum magnifructum (Rutaceae, Colombia) has the largest fruits of any species in the genus in the New World. Chionanthus megistocarpus (Oleaceae, Colombia) has largest fruits for this genus in the Neotropics. Solanum sibundoyense (Solanaceae, Colombia) produces some of the largest fruits known in Cyphomandra clade.

Among the 10 largest seeds in Angiosperms, 5 are from Arecaceae from Africa, SE Asia, Seychelles and Pacific islands, two belong Poaceae and Lauraceae from SE Asia, and three are from South America, two in Colombia, being M. oleifera from America Central to Ecuador (18 cm ✕ 15 cm ✕ 8 cm) in 3^rd position; and Pelliciera rhizophorae (Tetrameristaceae), a mangrove from the Pacific from Costa Rica to Ecuador, and Atlantic (Nicaragua to Colombia) coasts of tropical America in 9^th position.

Myrosmodes (Orchidaceae) is the only genus of its family to grow in the swamps of the high Andes and was recorded at about 5,100 m a.s.l., the highest habitat known to support orchids on Earth.

Bignonia magnifica (Bignoniaceae, Panama to N Venezuela and Ecuador) is the longest Lamiid plastome described to date.

Colombia includes two mycorrhizous-formation lineages absents in Brazil: Fagaceae (in Quercus humboldtiana) and Dipterocrpaceae (Pseudomonotes tropenbosii).

GLOBAL TAXONOMY

AMBORELLALES

Order absent in New World.

NYMPHAEALES

CABOMBACEAE

Brasenia (1) occur in Mexico and Colombia - absent in Brazil.

NYMPHAEACEAE

Two unbrazilian groups occur in Mexico, namely Nuphar (only N. advena, SE Canada to E Mexico, Cuba) and Nymphaea subg Nymphaea in Mexico. Mexico includes six species of Nymphaea absent in Brazil, in subg Brachyceras (N. ampla, N. elegans, N. gracilis), subg Hydrocallis (N. novogranatensis) and subg Nymphaea (N. mexicana, N. odorata).

All Colombian Nymphaeaceae occur in Brazil except N. ampla (subg Brachyceras) and N. novogranatensis (subg Hydrocallis).

AUSTROBAILEYACEAE

Three genera worldwide, llicium (40, E Himalaya to Japan and Malesia, SE USA to E & C Mexico, Cuba to Hispaniola), Kadsura (17, S China to temperate E Asia and tropical Asia), and Schisandra (26, Himalaya to Russian Far East and Indo-China, Jawa to Lesser Sunda Islands, SE USA to N & E Mexico). 8 spp. in New World being 3 in Cuba (Illicium), two only in Hispaniola (Illicium), two from SE USA to C Mexico (Illicium and Schisandra one each), and one from Florida and Dominican Republic (Illicium).

CANELLALES

CANELLACEAE

Family absent from Colombia and present in Mexico by Canella winterana, common throughout the Caribbean Basin.

WINTERACEAE

Both Colombia and Mexico have the same single species, Drymis granadensis (Mexico up to Peru and Venezuela) less than Brazil (3, 1^E).

MAGNOLIALES

MYRISTICACEAE

Brazil equals or surpasses Mexico in all genera. Colombia surpasses Brazil only in Otoba (10 ✕ 2) and Compsoneura (13 ✕ 5).

MAGNOLIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 39 spp. of Magnolia in all three subgenera in New World, and Colombia has 40 spp.

SECTION MAGNOLIA

30 spp., usually at middle elevations in the mountains of Mexico and America Central and only two species of the SE USA, one of them also occurring in Cuba.

SECTION MACROPHYLLA

Six species, three in the tropics of Mexico and three in temperate areas of the SE USA and NE Mexico.

SECTION TALAUMA

SUBSECTION TALAUMA — 103 spp., from 20° N in W and E Mexico and the Caribbean to 24º S beyond the Tropic of Capricorn in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, 45 in South America.

SUBSECTION CUBENSIS — 10 spp., Caribbean mountains.

SUBSECTION CHOCOTALAUMA — six spp., 3 in Ecuador and 3 in Colombia.

SUBSECTION DUGANDIODENDRON — 23, Andes from Colombia to Peru (1), and the Guiana Shield in Venezuela.

ANNONACEAE ‣ Mexico has the unbrazilian Tridimeris (10, endemic), Desmopsis (21), and Sapranthus (5), and suplants Brazil in Cymbopetalum (8 ✕ 6). Colombia has the unbrazilian Desmopsis (5) and Sapranthus (1), and suplants Brazil in Froesiodendron (2 ✕ 1), Cremastosperma (13 ✕ 4), Mosannona (3 ✕ 2), Pseudomalmea (2 ✕ 1) and Unonopsis (18 ✕ 16).

LAURALES

LAURACEAE

Mexico (11/153) includes unbrazilian Litsea (Asia to SW Pacific, SE USA to America Central, 8 in Mexico) and Umbellaria (1, Oregon to NW Mexico), and surpasses Brazil in Beilschmiedia (10 ✕ 9) and Damburneya (14 ✕ 1). Colombia surpasses Brazil in Caryodaphnopsis (7 ✕ 1), Damburneya (3 ✕ 1) and Pleurothyrium (15 ✕ 13), and includes unbrazilian Andea (Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru, 16 in Colombia) and Chlorocardium (French Guiana to Ecuador, 1 in Colombia).

HERNANDIACEAE

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Gyrocarpus (3 ✕ 1) and Hernandia (4 ✕ 1). Colombia surpasses Brazil in Hernandia (2 ✕ 1). Brazil surpasses Mexico and Colombia in Sparattanthelium (10 ✕ 1 and 10 ✕ 2, respectively). Brazil an Colombia ties in Gyrocarpus (1).

MONIMIACEAE

Brazil surpasses Mexico and Colombia in Mollinedia (44 ✕ 5 and 44 ✕ 7). Brazilian genera Grazielanthus, Hennecartia, Macropeplus and Macrotorus do not occur neither Colombia and Mexico.

SIPARUNACEAE

Only one genus in New World. Colombia surpasses Brazil (32 ✕ 19). Brazil surpasses Mexico (19 ✕ 3).

CHLORANTHALES

CHLORANTHACEAE

Colombia surpasses Brazil (20 ✕ 3). Only one species in Mexico.

PIPERALES

Hydnoraceae do not occur in Mexico neither Colombia.

PIPERACEAE

Brazilian Manekia does not occur in Mexico. Brazil suspasses Mexico in Piper and Peperomia. Colombia surpasses Brazil in Piper (410 ✕ 310) and Peperomia (267 ✕ 184). Brazil and Colombia ties in Manekia (1).

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Mexico includes unbrazilian Isotrema (98, 81 in Asia and 17 from North America to America Central, 7 in Mexico). Brazil surpasses Mexico (98 ✕ 83) and Colombia (98 ✕ 34) in Aristolochia.

SAURURACEAE

Two species in New World, both from USA to Mexico, namely Anemopsis californica and Saururus cernuus, the latter also in Canada.

ALISMATALES

Tofieldiaceae do not occur in Mexico.

ARACEAE

All Araceae genera in Mexico occur in Brazil except Arisaema (223, E DR Congo to Ethiopia and Tanzania, Arabian to Sakhalin and Malesia, C & E Canada to Mexico-2), and Brazil surpasses or tied Mexico in all commom genera except Lemna (7 ✕ 4), Monstera (11 ✕ 5), Spathiphyllum (17 ✕ 6) and Syngonium (10 ✕ 3).

Colombian genera Chlorospatha (45) and Phyllotaenium (1, Panama to Colombia) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Alloschemone, Anaphyllopsis, Asterostigma, Bognera, Dracontioides, Gearum, Idimanthus, Lorenzia, Mangonia, Scaphispatha, Spathicarpa, Taccarum, Ulearum and Zomicarpa do not occur in Colombia.

Brazil surpasses Colombia in Caladium (9 ✕ 8), Dracontium (13 ✕ 8), Heteropsis (15 ✕ 9), Wolffiella (4 ✕ 3) and Zomicarpella (2 ✕ 1) among common genera.

Colombia surpasses Brazil in Anthurium (458 ✕ 161), Adelonema (11 ✕ 2), Dieffenbachia (25 ✕ 9), Lemna (5 ✕ 4), Monstera (19 ✕ 5), Philodendron (242 ✕ 166), Rhodospatha (51 ✕ 6), Spathiphyllum (23 ✕ 6), Spirodela (2 ✕ 1), Stenospermation (33 ✕ 3), Syngonium (9 ✕ 3), Urospatha (8 ✕ 6), Wolffia (3 ✕ 2) and Xanthosoma (52 ✕ 26) among common genera.

Tied status for Montrichardia (2), Philonotion (2) and Pistia (1) among Brazilian and Colombia common genera

ALISMATACEAE

Mexican genera Albidella (4, SE Mexico-1 to Guatemala, Cuba, W tropical Africa to Chad, tropical Asia to N Australia), Alisma (10, temperate northern Hemisphere to E Africa, 1 in Mexico), Echinodorus (2, C & S USA to tropical & subtropical America, 1 in Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazil surpasses Colombia and Mexico both in Aquarius and Hydrocleis among common genera. Colombia and Mexico surpasses Brazil in Sagittaria (7 ✕ 6 and 8 ✕ 6, respectively) among common genera. Tied status for Helanthius and Limnocharis against Colombia and Mexico.

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Colombian and Mexican genera Thalassia and Vallisneria do not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Ottelia do not occur in Colombia neither Mexico. Elodea does not occur in Mexico. Brazil surpasses Colombia in Elodea and Najas among common genera. Brazil surpasses Mexico in Najas. Tied status for Halophila and Hydrocharis both against Colombia and Mexico.

JUNCAGINACEAE

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Triglochin (3 ✕ 2). Only one species in Colombia.

RUPPIACEAE

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Ruppia (3 ✕ 1). Only one species in Brazil and Colombia.

CYMODOCEACEAE

Colombia and Mexico includes unbrazilian Syringodium (1 in New World). Brazil surpasses both Mexico and Colombia in Halodule.

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Stuckenia (2 ✕ 1). Brazil surpasses Colombia and Mexico in Potamogeton. Brazil and Colombia shared the same Stuckenia and Zanichellia.

TOFIELDIACEAE

Unknown in Mexico. Brazil surpasses Colombia (2 ✕ 1).

ZOSTERACEAE

Unknown in Brazil and Colombia, (2)/3 species in Mexico, namely Phyllospadix scouleri Hook., P. torreyi S. Watson and Zostera marina L.

ACORALES

Order absent in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia, present in New World.

PETROSAVIALES

Order absent in New World.

DIOSCOREAALES

Nartheciaceae, Taccaceae and Thismiaceae do not occur in Mexico. Nartheciaceae do not occur in Colombia.

BURMANNIACEAE

All New World genera occur in Brazil and Colombia except Marthella from Caribbean. Colombia surpasses Brazil in Gymnosiphon (11 ✕ 10) among common genera, and Brazil surpasses Mexico in all common genera. Campylosiphon, Hexapterella and Miersiella do not occur in Mexico.

DIOSCOREACEAE

Brazil surpasses Mexico and Colombia in Dioscorea (140 ✕ 76 and 140 ✕ 42, respectively).

TACCACEAE

Unknown in Mexico. Brazil and Colombia shared the same species.

THISMIACEAE

Unknown in Mexico. Brazil surpasses Colombia in Thismia (2 ✕ 4).

NARTHECIACEAE

Brazilian family unknown in Mexico and Colombia.

PANDANALES

Velloziaceae does not occur in Mexico.

VELLOZIACEAE

Unknown in Mexico. A single species in Colombia and (2/)249 in Brazil, in Barbacenia and Vellozia.

TRIURIDACEAE

Brazilian genera Peltophyllum and Soridium do not occur in Mexico. Brazilian Peltophyllum and Lacandonia do not occur in Colombia. Brazil surpasses Mexico and Colombia in Sciaphila (6 ✕ 1 and 6 ✕ 5, respectively) among common genera, and surpasses also Colombia in Triuris (2 ✕ 1). Tied status for Lacandonia and Triuris against Mexico, and for Soridium against Colombia.

CYCLANTHACEAE

Colombian genera Dianthoveus and Schultesiophytum do not occur in Brazil. All mexican genera occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Stelestylis do not occur in Colombia. Brazilian Evodianthus, Ludovia, Sphaeradenia, Stelestylis and Thoracocarpus do not occur in Mexico.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Asplundia (22 ✕ 3) and Dicranopygium (2 ✕ 1) among common genera.

Colombia surpasses Brazil in Asplundia (38 ✕ 22), Carludovica (2 ✕ 1), Dicranopygium (32 ✕ 2), Ludovia (3 ✕ 1) and Sphaeradenia (29 ✕ 2) among common genera. Mexico surpasses Brazil in Carludovica (2 ✕ 1) among common genera

Tied status for Cyclanthus (1), Evodianthus (1) and Thoracocarpus (1) against Colombia, and for Cyclanthus agaist Mexico (1).

LILIALES

MELANTHIACEAE

A notable group of 170 species in 14 genera, reaching Latin America with four genera, all occurring in Mexico (4/36), namely Anticlea (10, E Europe to Asia, and North America to Guatemala, 6 in Mexico), Schoenocaulon (26, SE USA to Venezuela, 25 in Mexico), Toxicoscordion (8, W & C Canada to NW & N Mexico-4) and Veratrum (25, temperate northern Hemisphere to N Mexico-1), unknown in Colombia and Brazil.

LILIACEAE

Liliaceae includes 860 species among 15 genera, 3 of which reaches in America Latina, namely Fritillaria (175, NW Africa, Eurasia to N Myanmar, Alaska to S usa, with F. biflora Lindl. up to Baja California in NW Mexico), Lilium (124, Arctic to N Mexico-3, Spain, Jordania, India, Thailand and Philippines) and Calochortus (79, W Canada to Guatemala, 26 in Mexico).

Mexican Lilium includes L. humboldtii (California to N Baja California), L. pardalinum (Oregon to N Baja California) and L. parryi (S California, SE Arizona, Baja California Norte and Sonora).

SMILACAEAE

Brazil surpasses Mexico and Colombia in Smilax (both for 36 ✕ 13) among the single genus in New World.

ALSTROEMERIACEAE

Brazilian genus Alstroemeria (61) do not occur in Colombia. Mexico and Colombia surpasses Brazil in Bomarea (2 ✕ 1 and 30 ✕ 1, respectively) among the single common genera.

ASPARAGALES

HYPOXIDACEAE

Brazil and Colombian tied perfectly in genera and species. Mexico and Brazil tied in Corculigo. Mexico surpasses Brazil in Hypoxis (9 ✕ 2).

ASPHODELACEAE

Unknown in Mexico. Colombia and Brazil has the same species.

ORCHIDACEAE

Colombian genera .... do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian ... do not occur in Colombia.

Brazil surpasses Colombia in .... among common genera.

Colombia surpasses Brazil in .... among common genera.

Tied status for ........

IRIDACEAE

Mexican genera Iris (320, temperate northern Hemisphere to Philippines, 1 in Mexico), Nemastylis (4, C USA to Honduras, 1 in Mexico), Orthrosanthus (9, S Australia, Mexico-3 to NW Argentina) and Tigridia (63, NW Mexico-53 to El Salvador, Peru to N Chile) do not occur in Brazil. Colombian genera Hesperoxiphion (5, Colombia-1, Peru, Bolivia), Libertia (17, Andes to S South America, SE Queensland to SE Australia, New Zealand,1 in Colombia), Olsynium (14, W Canada to W USA, Costa Rica to S South America, 1 in Colombia) and Orthrosanthus (9, S Australia, Mexico-3 to NW Argentina) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian genera Calydorea, Cypella, Deluciris, Ennealophus, Gelasine, Herbertia, Lethia, Misionella, Phalocallis, Pseudiris and Pseudotrimezia do not occur in Mexico. Brazilian genera Alophia, Cypella, Deluciris, Ennealophus, Gelasine, Lethia, Misionella, Neomarica, Phalocallis, Pseudiris and Pseudotrimezia do not occur in Colombia.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Cipura (7 ✕ 1), Eleutherine (2 ✕ 1), Neomarica (30 ✕ 1), Sisyrinchium (65 ✕ 43) and Trimezia (13 ✕ 3) among common genera. Brazil surpasses Colombia in Calydorea (10 ✕ 1), Cipura (7 ✕ 4), Eleutherine (2 ✕ 1), Herbertia (10 ✕ 1), Sisyrinchium (65 ✕ 13) and Trimezia (13 ✕ 3) among common genera.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Alophia (4 ✕ 3) and Larentia (2 ✕ 1) among common genera.

Tied status for Larentia (1) against Colombia.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Mexican genus Allium (1,112, northern Hemisphere, South Africa, 29 in Mexico) does not occur in Brazil. Colombian genera Pamianthe (3, Colombia-1 to Bolivia), Phaedranassa (10, Costa Rica to Ecuador, 3 in Colombia), Plagiolirion (1, endemic to Colombia) and Stenomesson (19, Colombia-1 to N Chile) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian genera Cearanthes, Griffinia, Hippeastrum (59), Ipheion, Urceolina and Worsleya do not occur in Mexico. Brazilian genera Cearanthes, Griffinia, Ipheion and Worsleya do not occur in Colombia.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Crinum (5 ✕ 2) and Nothoscordum (34 ✕ 2) among common genera. Brazil surpasses Colombia in Crinum (5 ✕ 3), Hippeastrum (59 ✕ 3), Hymenocallis (2 ✕ 1), Nothoscordum (34 ✕ 1) and Zephyranthes (42 ✕ 5) among common genera.

Colombia surpasses Brazil in Urceolina (11 ✕ 3) among common genera.

ASPARAGACEAE

Colombian genera .... do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian ... do not occur in Colombia.

Brazil surpasses Colombia in .... among common genera.

Colombia surpasses Brazil in .... among common genera.

Tied status for ........

ORCHIDACEAE ‣ not analyzed.

IRIDACEAE ‣ Mexico has Iris (only I. missourensis), Nemastylis, Orthrosanthus and Tigridia.

AMARYLLIDACEAE ‣ Mexico has Allium (27).

ASPARAGACEAE (38/470) ‣ data from POWO (21.08.23). Agavoideae (8/288) - Agave (221), Beschorneria (8), Furcraea (15), Hesperaloe (7), Hesperocallis (1), Hesperoyucca (1), Hooveria (1), Yucca (34). Anthericoideae (1/70) - Echeandia (70). Asparagaceae (1/5) - Hemiphylacus (5). Ruscaceae (6/75) - Beaucarnea (12), Dasylirion (23), Dracaena (1), Maianthemum (11), Nolina (27), Polygnonatum (1). Themidaceae (12/32) - Bessera (3), Bloomeria (2), Brodiaea (3), Dandya (1), Dipterostemon (1), Jaimehintonia (1), Milla (10), Muilla (1), Petronymphe (2), Triteleia (2), Triteleiopsis (1), Xochiquetzallia (5).

ARECALES

ARECACEAE

CALAMOIDEAE

Subfamily unknown in Mexico. Colombia surpasses Brazil in Mauritiella (4 ✕ 3). Tied status for Lepidocaryum, Mauritia and Raphia against Colombia.

CORYPHOIDEAE

Colombian genera Acoelorraphe (1), Coccothrinax (1), Cryosophila (2), Sabal (1) and Sabinaria (1, endemic) do not occur in Brazil. Mexican genera Acoelorraphe (1), Brahea (10), Coccothrinax (1), Colpothrinax (1), Cryosophila (2), Sabal (8), Thrinax (1) and Washingtonia (1) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Trithrinax does not occur in Colombia. Brazilian Copernicia does not occur in Mexico. Colombia surpasses Brazil in Chelyocarpus (3 ✕ 2). Brazil surpasses Colombia in Copernicia (2 ✕ 1). Tied staus for Itaya (1) against Colombia.

CEROXYLOIDEAE

Mexican Pseudophoenix (1) does not occur in Brazil. Colombian genera Ammandra (1) and Ceroxylon (7) do not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Aphandra (1) does not occur in Colombia. Colombia surpasses Brazil in Phytelephas (3 ✕ 1).

ARECOIDEAE

Colombian genera Asterogyne (1), Calyptrogyne (2), Parajubaea, Reinhardtia (3), Roystonea (1), Synechanthus (1) and Welfia (1) do not occur in Brazil. Mexican genera Calyptrogyne (1), Gaussia (2), Reinhardtia (3), Roystonea (2) and Synechanthus (1) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Allagoptera, Barcella, Butia and Wendlandiella do not occur in Colombia. Brazilian genera Aiphanes, Allagoptera, Barcella, Butia, Dictyocaryum, Elaeis, Euterpe, Iriartea, Iriartella, Hyospathe, Leopoldinia, Manicaria, Oenocarpus, Pholidostachys, Prestoea, Socratea, Syagrus, Wendlandiella and Wettinia do not occur in Mexico.

Brazil surpasses Colombia in Acrocomia (8 ✕ 1), Astrocaryum (24 ✕ 14), Attalea (23 ✕ 16), Bactris (46 ✕ 34), Euterpe (5 ✕ 4), Oenocarpus (9 ✕ 8) and Syagrus (64 ✕ 3) among common genera. Brazil surpasses Mexico in Acrocomia (8 ✕ 1), Astrocaryum (24 ✕ 1), Attalea (23 ✕ 2), Bactris (46 ✕ 2), Desmoncus (10 ✕ 1) and Geonoma (22 ✕ 3) among common genera.

Colombia surpasses Brazil in Aiphanes (28 ✕ 3), Chamaedorea (15 ✕ 3), Desmoncus (11 ✕ 10), Dictyocaryum (2 ✕ 1), Geonoma (37 ✕ 22), Hyospathe (4 ✕ 1), Pholidostachys (6 ✕ 1), Prestoea (8 ✕ 2), Socratea (3 ✕ 2) and Wettinia (17 ✕ 2) among common genera. Mexico surpasses Brazil in Chamaedorea (49 ✕ 3).

Tied status for Elaeis (1), Iriartea (1), Iriartella (2), Leopoldinia (3) and Manicaria (2).

POALES

TYPHACEAE ‣ Mexico has Sparganium.

BROMELIACEAE ‣ 450 spp., 4/5 in Tillandsia, Pitcairnia or Hechtia. Unbrazilian: Bakerantha, Hechtia (Hechtioideae), Pseudoalcantarea, Viridantha (Tillandsioideae), Androlepis, Greigia, Ursulaea (Bromelioideae).

CYPERACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Scirpus, Scirpoides (ex Karinia, SEE), Amphiscirpus.

POACEAE ‣ Puellioidea no occur in New World. Mexico leads in generic and specific diversity in Pooideae, Arundionoideae and Chloridiodeae. 148 genera in country, only 22 outside South America, 4 endemics: Olmeca, Metcalfia, Hopia and Sohnsia. ANOMOCHLOIDEAE - (1/)2 spp. in Mexico, (2/4) in Brazil. PHAROIDEAE - (1/)4 spp. in Mexico, also 4 in Brazil. ORYZOIDEAE - (5/)12 spp.; Mexico has one more Leersia. BAMBUSOIDEAE - (11/)59 spp. in Mexico. All genera occur in Brazil except two in Guiaduinae, Otatea and Olmeca (5, endemic); Brazil leads in all common genera except Rhipidocladum. POOIDEAE - Mexico has (33/)211 spp.; all genera occur in South America except Hesperostipa, Achnatherum, Metcalfia, Pseudoroegneria, Sphenopholis and Limnodea; largest diversities: Festuca (33), Agrostis (20), Bromus (20), Poa (17), Trisetum (13), Achnantherum (18), Calamagrostis (11). ARISTIDOIDEAE - (1/)31 spp. in Mexico, (1/)37 in Brazil. PANICOIDEAE - (58/)424 spp. in Mexico; largest diversities: Paspalum (90), Panicum (37), Digitaria (24), Setaria (23), Dichanthelium (17), Andropogon (14), Cenchrus (17), Urochloa (13), Lasiascis (13), Tripsacum (12). Only 4 genera does not occur in South America: Chasmanthium, Aakia, Hopia and Zea. ARUNDINOIDEAE - Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. in Mexico. MICRAIROIDEAE - a single New World genus, 3 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Brazil. DANTHONIOIDEAE - (1/)3 spp. in Mexico, (2/)8 spp. in Brazil. CHLORIDOIDEAE - (35/)314 spp.; largests are Muhlenbergia (131), Bouteloua (53), Sporobolus (34), Eragrostis (32), Hilaria (10), Leptochloa (10). All genera occur in South America except Allolepis, Hilaria, Kalinia, Sohnsia, Orcuttia, Tuctoria, Tetrapogon, Dinebra, Dasyochloa, Tridentopsis and Triplasis.

COMMELINALES

COMMELINACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Gibasodes, Matudanthus, Thyrsanthemum and Waldenia.

ZINGIBERALES

Strelitziaceae do not occur in Mexico.

HELICONIACEAE

In Heliconia, Colombia surpasses Brazil (100 ✕ 36), and Brazil surpasses Mexico (36 ✕ 17).

STRELITZIACEAE

A single species in New World, known in Colombia and Brazil, unknown in Mexico.

MARANTACEAE

Colombian and Mexican genus Pleiostachya (3, America Central to Ecuador, 2 in Colombia and 1 in Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Saranthe do not occur in Colombia. Brazilian genera Ctenanthe, Ischnosiphon, Monophylanthe, Monotagma and Saranthe do not occur in Mexico.

Brazil surpasses Colombia in Ctenanthe (14 ✕ 3), Goeppertia (131 ✕ 69), Maranta (48 ✕ 12), Monotagma (22 ✕ 13), Stromanthe (9 ✕ 5) and Thalia (4 ✕ 1) among common genera. Brazil surpasses Mexico in Calathea (7 ✕ 3), Goeppertia (131 ✕ 13), Maranta (48 ✕ 2), Stromanthe (9 ✕ 3) and Thalia (4 ✕ 1),

Colombia surpasses Brazil in Calathea (28 ✕ 7) among common genera.

Tied status for Ischnosiphon (21) and Monophyllanthe (1) among Brazil and Colombia.

CANNACEAE

In Canna, Colombia includes 5 spp., Mexico and Brazil only four species.

ZINGIBERACEAE

In Renealmia, Colombia surpasses Brazil (32 ✕ 17), and Brazil surpasses Mexico (17 ✕ 5).

COSTACEAE

Brazilian genera Chamaecostus and Dimerocostus do not occur in Mexico. Brazil surpasses Mexico in Costus (19 ✕ 11). Brazil surpasses Colombia in Chamaecostus (8 ✕ 3). Colombia surpasses Brazil in Costus (35 ✕ 19) and Dimerocostus (3 ✕ 1).

CERATOPHYLLALES

Brazil, Colombia and Mexico has the same species in this order.

RANUNCULALES

PAPAVERACEAE (10/44).

MENISPERMACEAE ‣ Mexico has Cocculus and Menispermus.

RANUNCULACEAE ‣ Mexico has Aconitum, Aquileja, Delphinium, Myosurus, Thalictrum and Trautvetteria.

PROTEALES

NELUMBONACEAE (1/1).

PLATANACEAE (1/5).

TROCHODENDRALES

Order absent in New World.

BUXALES

BUXACEAE ‣ Mexico has Buxus and Sarcococca.

DILLENIALES

All New World genera occur in Brazil. Among all New World genera, Brazil has the greatest diversity, except for Neodillenia, in which Colombia holds higher diversity (2 ✕ 1).

SAXIFRAGALES

PAEONIACEAE ‣ a monogeneric family with 36 spp. worldwide, two in New World, Paeonia brownii from W USA. and P. californica from S California to Baja California in NW Mexico.

ALTINGIACEAE ‣ a monogeneric family with 15 spp. worldwide, only one in New World, Liquidambar styraciflua L., from C & E USA. to Nicaragua.

ITEACEAE ‣ two genera worldwide, Pterostemon (3, endemic to Mexico) and Itea (21, 20 in Uganda to S Africa and Asia, and one in C & E USA.).

HAMAMELIDACEAE ‣ only 4 genera and 12 spp. in New World, in Fothergilla (4, SE USA.), Hamamelis (3 in New World, all E USA, one extending to Canada and E Mexico), Matudaea (2, one from Mexico to Panama, one in Colombia) and Molinadendron (3, one in Mexico and two in America Central). (3/)3 spp. in Mexico (1 endemic) and a single in Colombia, endemic.

CRASSULACEAE ‣ Mexico and Colombia has wins in Crassula: (7 ✕ 1) and (2 ✕ 1), respectively. Sedum has a explosive diversity in Mexico (442, 395 endemic), but only two in Colombia (S. bicolor Kunth, up to Venezuela, and S. quitense Kunth up to Venezuela and Peru), and absent in Brazil. Only other four Crassulaceae occur in New World, in Hylotelephium (26, 25 in Old World, one in Canada and USA.) and Rhodiola (74, northern Hemisphere, 3 in North America in Canada and USA.), both absent in Mexico.

Leucosedum clade ‣ 209-218 spp., including Chaloupkaea (8, Caucasus, Turkey, Iraq), Pistorinia (4, W Mediterranean), Rosularia (23, Helas to China), Prometheum (3, Helas to Iran), Afrovivella (1, Ethiopia), Dudleya (50, NW USA. to NW Mexico), and Sedum p.p. (ca. 120).

Acre clade ‣ 643-652 spp., including Chazaroa (3, Mexico, off Echeveria), Jeronimoa (1, Mexico, off Pachyphytum), Quetzalcoatlia (6, Mexico, off Graptopetalum), Cremnophila (3, Mexico), Echeveria (201, Texas to Argentina), Graptopetalum (15, Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico), Lenophyllum (7, Texas to NE Mexico), Pachyphytum (25, Mexico), Thompsonella (8, Mexico), Villadia (29, Texas to Guatemala, Peru), and Sedum p.p. (ca. 345) - including all 45 spp. of in South America, from Venezuela to N Argentina, mainly in Peru (34, 31 endemic).

HALORAGACEAE ‣ Brazil wins Colombia full. Mexico wins Brazil in Myriophyllum (5 ✕ 4).

GROSSULARIACEAE ‣ monogeneric family absent in Brazil, present in Mexico (26) and Colombia (9).

SAXIFRAGACEAE ‣ 20 spp. in Mexico, mainly in NW region (Baja California, Sonora and Sinaloa), Micranthes up to northern region (Chihuahua and Coahuila), and Heuchera up to C Mexico. Absent in Colombia and Brazil.

BOYKINIEAE

Three species in Mexico, Boykinia rotundifolia (SW California to Baja California), Jepsonia malvifolia (Channel Is. in California and Guadalupe Is. in Mexico), and J. parryi (California to Baja California Norte). Boykinia (7) also occur in USA. and Canada, and Jepsonia (3) also occur in California.

MICRANTHEAE

Mexico includes 3 spp. (1 endemic), in Micranthes (86, Artic to Mexico, Mediterranean, Pakistan, Burma and Japan).

HEUCHEREAE

Mexico includes 11 spp. (7 endemic) in Heuchera (46 worldwide, North America to E Russia) and 3 in Lithophragma (10, SW Canada to NW Mexico).

VITALES

VITACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis as unbrazilian genera. Brazil wins Mexico and Colombia in all common genera.

PATHERNOCISSEAE

One genus in Mexico: Parthenocissus (2). Tribe absent in Brazil and Colombia.

AMPELOPSIDEAE

One genus in Mexico: Ampelopsis (3). Tribe absent in Brazil and Colombia.

VITEAE

Two genera in Mexico: Ampelocissus (3) and Vitis (17); and one genus in Colombia: Vitis (2, one endemic).

ZYGOPHYLLALES

KRAMERIACEAE ‣ Mexico wins Brazil in Krameria (10 ✕ 5). Colombia has only two spp.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian Fagonia (7, Zygophylloideae, subfamily absent in Brazil), Guaiacum (3), Larrea (1), Morkillia, Sericodes, Viscainoa (these in the endemic subfamily Morkillioideae, 3/5), and Porlierea (1), and wins in Kallstroemia (12 ✕ 1). Colombia wins Brazil in Kallstroemia (2 ✕ 1) and Plectocarpa (2 ✕ 1), and has the unbrazilian Guaiacum (1).

CELASTRALES

CELASTRACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian.

PARNASSIOIDEAE

Parnassia

POTTINGERIOIDEAE

Mortonia

MICROTROPIS CLADE

Quetzalia

STACKOUSIOIDEAE

Crossopetalum, Gyminda

BREXIOIDEAE

Elaeodendron

CELASTROIDEAE

Acanthothamnus, Paxistima, Canotia, Euonymus, Wimmeria

SCHAEFFERIA CLADE

Orthosphenia, Rzedowskia

MALPIGHIALES

CALOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico has Mammea.

MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Calcicola, Cottsia, Echinopterys, Gaudichaudia, Lasiocarpus, Malpighia, Psychopterys.

CHRYSOBALANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Geobalanus [✕ Exellodendron].

ACHARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Chiangiodendron.

VIOLACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Hybanthus, Ixchelia and Orthion.

PASSIFLORACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Erblichia [✕ Oxosssia].

SALICACEAE ‣ Mexico has Bartholomaea, Hasseltiopsis, Neopringlea, Populus.

EUPHORBIACEAE Acalyphoideae ▸ Plukenettae - Mexico has unbrazilian Acidocroton, Zuckertia. Acalyphoideae ▸ Adelieae - Mexico has unbrazilian Enriquebeltrania. Acalyphoideae ▸ Chrozophoreae - Mexico has unbrazilian Argythamnia. Crotonoideae ▸ Aleuritideae - Mexico has unbrazilian Garcia. Euphorbioideae▸ Hipomaneae - Mexico has unbrazilian Dalembertia, Hippomane.

PHYLLANTHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Andrachne and Phyllanthopsis.

PICRODENDRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Tetracoccus.

LINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Hesperolinon [✕ Cliococca].

FABALES

FABACEAE ‣ in 24 genera from Mexico and Brazil, Mexico surpasses Brazil, namely Ateleia (16 ✕ 4), Canavalia (23 ✕ 16), Cojoba (4 ✕ 1), Coursetia (20 ✕ 6), Desmanthus (16 ✕ 5), Desmodium (115 ✕ 30), Erythrina (30 ✕ 11), Galactia (15 ✕ 9), Gleditsia (2 ✕ 1), Gliricidia (4 ✕ 1), Indigofera (36 ✕ 12), Leptospron (2 ✕ 1), Lonchocarpus (94 ✕ 11), Lupinus (92 ✕ 32), Neltuma (10 ✕ 4), Nissolia (17 ✕ 13), Parkinsonia (5 ✕ 3), Pithecellobium (11 ✕ 4), Pomaria (8 ✕ 3), Rhynchosia (28 ✕ 22), Sophora (2 ✕ 1), Trifolium (25 ✕ 3), Vachellia (28 ✕ 5) and Zapoteca (12 ✕ 5).

Mexico includes 69 genera unknown in Brazil, namely Acaciella (15), Acmispon (25), Adenopodia (3), Albizia (1), Amicia (1), Amorpha (4), Amphicarpaea (1), Apoplanesia (1), Astragalus (104), Brongniartia (63), Caesalpinia (1), Calliandropsis (1), Cercis (1), Chapmannia (1), Cologania (12), Conzattia (3), Coulteria (11), Dalea (138), Denisophytum (1), Dermatophyllum (4), Diphysa (21), Ebenopsis (3), Errazurizia (2), Eysenhardtia (13), Genistidium (1), Glycyrrhiza (1), Gretheria (2), Haematoxylum (4), Havardia (3), Hesperalbizia (1), Hesperothamnus (7), Heteroflorum (1), Hoffmannseggia (9), Hoita (2), Hosackia (5), Hylodesmum (1), Lackeya (1), Lennea (3), Lespedeza (3), Leucaena (18), Lysiloma (7), Marina (41), Mariosousa (14), Mezcala (1), Myrospermum (2), Olneya (1), Orbexilum (3), Oxyrhynchus (3), Pachyrhizus (2), Painteria (2), Pediomelum (6), Peteria (3), Phaseolus (71), Pickeringia (1), Piscidia (4), Prosopidastrum (1), Pseudosamanea (1), Psorodendron (2), Psorothamnus (2), Ramirezella (7), Ricoa (1), Robinia (1), Rupertia (1), Sphinctospermum (1), Sphinga (2), Strombocarpa (3), Strophostyles (1), Styphnolobium (5) and Tara (2).

112 genera occur in Brazil and are unknown in Mexico, namely Abarema, Acosmium, Adesmia, Aldina, Alexa, Amburana, Amphiodon, Anadenanthera, Amphiodon, Barnebydendron, Batesia, Betencourtia, Bionia, Blanchetiodendron, Bocoa, Bowdichia, Brodriguesia, Brownea, Browneopsis, Cabari, Caetangil, Campsiandra, Camptosema, Candolleodendron, Cedrelinga, Centrolobium, Cerradicola, Collaea, Copaifera, Cranocarpus, Cratylia, Crudia, Cyclolobium, Dahlstedtia, Deguelia, Delgadoana, Dicorynia, Dicymbe, Dimorphandra, Dinizia, Diplotropis, Dipteryx, Diptychandra, Discolobium, Dolichopsis, Eperua, Exostyles, Fissicalyx, Geoffroea, Goniorrhachis, Grazielodendron, Guianodendron, Guibourtia, Gwilymia, Harleyodendron, Heterostemon, Holocalyx, Hymenolobium, Ingopsis, Jacqueshuberia, Leucochloron, Limadendron, Luetzelburgia, Macrolobium, Macrosamanea, Mantiqueira, Marlimorimia, Martiodendron, Melanoxylum, Moldenhawera, Monopteryx, Mora, Myrocarpus, Mysanthus, Naiadendron, Ornithopus, Oryxis, Paloue, Panurea, Paramachaerium, Parapiptadenia, Parasenegalia, Parkia, Paubrasilia, Peltophorum, Pentaclethra, Periandra, Petaladenium, Plathymenia, Platycyamus, Platypodium, Poecilanthe, Pterodon, Pterogyne, Recordoxylon, Riedeliella, Samanea, Sellocharis, Soemmeringia, Spirotropis, Staminodianthus, Steinbachiella, Stryphnodendron, Sweetia, Tabaroa, Tachigali, Taralea, Tipuana, Trischidium, Uleanthus, Vataireopsis, Vouacapoua and Zollernia.

In 11 genera from Colombia and Brazil, Colombia surpasses Brazil, namely Brownea (18 ✕ 1), Browneopsis (3 ✕ 1), Cabari (3 ✕ 1), Cojoba (2 ✕ 1), Condylostylis (2 ✕ 1), Erythrina (12 ✕ 11), Lupinus (89 ✕ 32), Mucuna (10 ✕ 6), Pithecellobium (7 ✕ 2), Spirotropis (2 ✕ 1) and Zygia (22 ✕ 18).

Colombia includes 25 genera unknown in Brazil, namely Acaciella (3), Caesalpinia (1), Cologania (2), Coulteria (1), Dalea (6), Diphysa (2), Fairchildia (1), Grimolobium (2), Haematoxylum (1), Hoffmannseggia (1), Lackeya (1), Leucaena (1), Myrospermum (1), Orphanodendron (1), Oxyrhynchus (1), Pachyrhizus (3), Phaseolus (2), Piscidia (1), Prioria (1), Pseudosamanea (1), Punjuba (4), Sphinga (1), Styphnolobium (1), Tara (1) and Uribea (1).

80 genera occur in Brazil and are unknown in Colombia, namely Abarema, Acosmium, Adesmia, Alexa, Amburana, Amphiodon, Androcalymma, Arachis, Arapatiella, Barnebydendron, Bionia, Blanchetiodendron, Bocoa, Brodriguesia, Camptosema, Candolleodendron, Cenostigma, Cerradicola, Cleobulia, Collaea, Cranocarpus, Cratylia, Cyclolobium, Delgadoana, Dinizia, Discolobium, Dolichopsis, Erythrostemon, Exostyles, Gleditsia, Goniorrhachis, Grazielodendron, Guianodendron, Guibourtia, Harleyodendron, Harpalyce, Holocalyx, Ingopsis, Leucochloron, Mantiqueira, Martiodendron, Melanoxylum, Microlobius, Moldenhawera, Myrocarpus, Mysanthus, Naiadendron, Ornithopus, Oryxis, Paramachaerium, Parapiptadenia, Parasenegalia, Paubrasilia, Peltophorum, Periandra, Petaladenium, Pityrocarpa, Plathymenia, Platycyamus, Poecilanthe, Pomaria, Pterodon, Pterogyne, Riedeliella, Sellocharis, Steinbachiella, Sweetia, Tabaroa, Tipuana, Uleanthus, Vouacapoua and Zollernia.

Cercidioideae - Cercis. Faboideae ▸ CLADRASTIDOIDS CLADE (3/18) - Styphnolobium. Faboideae ▸ CLADRASTIDOIDS CLADE - Pickeringia. Faboideae ▸ DIPTERYGEAE (17/c 80) - Myrospermum. Faboideae ▸ GENISTOIDEAE - Brongniartia. Faboideae ▸ DALBERGIOIDEAE - Amicia, Amorpha, Apoplanesia, Chapmannia, Dalea, Diphysa, Errazurizia, Eysenhardtia, Marina, Psorothamnus. Faboideae ▸ Phaseoloideae - Cologania, Hesperothamnus, Hoita, Hylodesmum, Lespedeza, Orbexilum, Oxyrhynchus, Pachyrhizus, Pediomelum, Phaseolus, Piscidia, Ramirezella, Rupertia. Faboideae ▸ ROBINIEAE - Genistidium, Gliricidia, Lennea, Olneya, Peteria, Robinia. Faboideae ▸ Dermatophylleae - Dermatophyllum. FaboideaeE ▸ LOTEAE - Acmispon, Hosackia. Faboideae ▸ GLYCYRRHIZEAE - Glycyrrhiza. Faboideae ▸ HEDYSAREAE - Astragalus. Caesalpinioidae▸ DIMORPHANDRA CLADE A - Conzattia Caesalpinioideae ▸ Caesalpinioideae - Caesalpinia, Coulteria, Haematoxylum, Hoffmannseggia. Caesalpiniideae ▸ Mimoseae - Acaciella, Calliandropsis, Ebenopsis, Havardia, Guinetia, Leucaena, Lysiloma, Mariosousa, Painteria, Prosopidastrum, Pseudosamanea, Sphinga, Strombocarpa. Caesalpinioideae ▸ Schizolobieae - Heteroflorum. POLYGALACEAE ‣ Mexico has Hebecarpa and Rhinotropis.

SURIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has Recchia.

SURIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has Recchia.

ROSALES

ROSACEAE ‣ 193 spp. Mexico includes Adenostoma, Amelanchier, Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, Crataegus, Drymocallis, Fallugia, Fragaria, Heteromeles, Holodiscus, Horkelia, Ivesia, Lachemilla, Lindleya, Malacomeles, Petrophytum, Photinia, Physocarpus, Potentilla, Purshia, Rosa, Vauquelinia, Xerospiraea.

RHAMNACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Adolphia, Ceanothus, Karwinskia, Krugiodendron [✕ Scutia], Sageretia, Ventia [✕ Rhamnidium].

ULMACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ulmus.

CANNABACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Aphananthe, Lozanella, Humulus.

MORACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Morus.

URTICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Discocnide, Gyrotaenia, Hesperocnide, Rousselia.

CUCURBITALES

CORIARIACEAE (1/1).

CUCURBITACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Cionosicys, Cucurbita, Doyerea, Hanburia, Ibervillea, Marah, Microsechium, Parasicyos, Peponopsis,Polyclathra, Schizocarpum, Sechiopsis, Sicyosperma, Tecunumania, Tumamoca.

DATISCACEAE (1/1).

FAGALES

FAGACEAE (2/138).

MYRICACEAE (1/3).

JUGLANDACEAE (4/14).

TICODENDRACEAE (1/1).

BETULACEAE (4/6).

HUERTALES

TAPISCIACEAE ‣ family with Huertea (4) in New World, absent in Brazil, present in Colombia (3, 1 endemic) and Mexico (1).

DIPENTODONTACEAE ‣ Perrotetia (unknown in Brazil) is the only genus in the New World, where 14 of its 20 species occur. Colombia includes 10 spp. (5 endemic) and Mexico has 3 (none endemic).

GERANIALES

GERANIACEAE ‣ in this family, the only relevant highlights are genus California in Mexico, sect. Paramensia (subg. Geranium), growing in the northern Andes and absent from Brazil, and the much greater diversity in Mexico (36 ✕ 5) and Colombia (25 ✕ 5) compared to Brazil. Mexico has a single Erodium

PICRAMNIALES

PICRAMNIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian Alvaradoa (1), and no wins no other genus. Colombia wins Brazil in Nothotalisia (2 ✕ 1).

MYRTALES

ONAGRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Chylismia, Clarkia, Eremothera, Eulobus, Gayaphyton, Hauya, Lopezia, Megacorax, Tetrapteron, Xylonagra.

LYTHRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Ginoria absent in Brazil.

MYRTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Chamguava, Mosiera.

MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Heterocentron, Schwackaea, Stanmarkia.

CROSSOSOMATALES

CROSSOSSOMATACEAE ‣ 4 genera in this family: Apacheria (1, Arizona to New Mexico), Crossosoma (3, California to Mexico, all in Mexico, none endemics), Glossopetalon (2, 1 in Mexico, no endemic), and Velascoa (1, Queretaro, Mexico). Absent in Brazil and Colombia.

GUAMATELACEAE ‣ a single species in this family, Guamatela tuerckheimii Donn.Sm., from Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas) to Honduras. Absent in Brazil and Colombia.

STAPHYLEACEAE ‣ two genera in New World, with Staphylea as ubrazilian, present in Mexico (3) and Colombia (1). Mexico wins Brazil in Turpinia (3 ✕ 1), Colombia no.

SAPINDALES - in all families Brazil has more spp. and genera tham Mexico, except Anacardiaceae, in both lists.

ANACARDIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Actincheita, Amphipterygium, Attilaea, Bonetiella, Comocladia, Cotinus, Malosma, Metopium, Mosquitoxylon, Pachycormus, Pistacia, Pseudosmodingium, Rhus, Toxicodendron.

BURSERACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Beiselia.

SAPINDACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Acer, Aesculus, Billa, Blomia, Exothea, Toiunidium, Ungdania.

RUTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amyris, Coysia, Cneoridium, Decatrops, Decazyx, Megastigma, Peltostigma, Polyaster, Ptelea, Stauranthus, Thamnosma.

MALVALES

THYMELAEACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Dirca.

BIXACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amoreuxia.

CISTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Helianthemum and Lechea.

CYTINACEAE (1/1).

MUNTINGIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Dicraspsidia.

MALVACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Allowissadula, Anotea, Bastardiastrum, Batesimalva, Bernoullia, Billieturnera, Callirhoe, Carpodiptera, Chiranthodendron, Dendrosida, Dirhamphis, Eremalche, Fremontodendron, Fryxellia, Fuertesimalva, Hampea, Hermannia, Horsfordia, Kearnemalvastrum, Kosteletzkya, Malacothamnus, Malva, Malvella, Meximalva, Mortoniodendron, Neobrittonia, Periptera, Phymosia, Physodium, Reevesia, Robinsonella, Sidalcea, Tarasa, Tilia, Trichospermum.

BRASSICALES

CARICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Carica, Horovotzia, Jarilla (all composed a uniquelly monopyletic lineage).

SETCHELLANTHACEAE (1/1).

KOEBERLINIACEAE (1/1).

RESEDACEAE (2/10).

TOVARIACEAE (1/1).

CAPPARACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Atamisquea, Caphexandra, Neocapparis, Quadrella.

CLEOMACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Andinocleome, Iltisella, Cleomella, Polanisia, Cochranella.

BRASSICACEAE ‣ Mexico has 212 spp. in this family in 42 genera, 31 in Thelypodieae, Cardamineae, Physareae and Halimolobeae, all South Americam groups. :: 27 genera does not occur in South America, 21 of them in Thelypodieae, Cardamineae and Physareae. Remaining: Athysanus, Boechera, Erysimum, Sphaerocardamum, Asta and Scoliaxon. :: largest genera (109 spp. united): Physaria (23), Lepidium (19), Rorippa (11), Romanschulzia (10), Cardamine, Descurainia, Draba and Dryopetalum nine each. ARABODEAE (2/10) - Athysanus (2), Draba (9), Tomostima (3) BRASSICEAE (15/61) Coluteocarpeae (1/2) - Noccaea (2) Thelypodieae (13/56) - Chaunanthus (4), Dryopetalon (9), Hesperidanthus (1), Mostacillastrum (8), Phravenia (1), Romanschulzia (10), Sibara (3), Stanleya (1), Streptanthella (7), Streptanthus (6), Thelypodiopsis (1), Thelypodium (1), Thysanocarpus (4) Brassiceae (1/3) - Cakile (3). CAMELINODEAE (23/134) Cardamineae (6/27) - Cardamine (9), Nasturtium (1), Ornithocarpa (2), Planodes (2), Rorippa (11), Selenia (2). Lepidieae (1/19) - Lepidium (19). Boechereae (1/5) - Boechera (5) Descurainieae (2/10) - Descurainia (9), Tropidocarpum (1). Physarieae (7/41) - Dimorphocarpa (3), Dithyrea (1), Lyrocarpa (3), Nerisyrenia (7), Paysonia (2), Physaria (23), Synthlipsis (2). Erysimeae (1/6) - Erysimum (6) Halimolobeae (5/26) - Exhalimolobos (5), Halimolobos (7), Mancoa (5), Pennellia (5), Sphaerocardamum (4). HELIOPHILOIDEAE (2/2) Asteae (1/1) - Asta (1). Anastaticeae (1/1) - Scoliaxon (1)

BERBERIDOPSIDALES

Order absent in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia, present in New World.

SANTALALES

SANTALACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Arceuthobium and Comandra.

CARYOPHYLLALES

POLYGONACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Antigonon, Bistorta, Centrostegia, Chorizanthe, Eriogonum, Gymnopodium, Harfordia, Lastarriaea, Nemacaulis, Neomillspaughia, Pterostegia and Sidotheca.

FRANKENIACEAE (1/5).

CARYOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Achyronychia, Cerdia, Loeflingia, Scopulophila (Polycarpaeae), Colobanthus, Minuartia (Sagineae), Corrigiola (Theliphioideae), Eremogone (Eremogoneae, a single sp. in Mexico), Silene (Sileneae), Stellaria (Alsineae).

SIMMONDSIACEAE (1/1).

ACHATOCARPACEAE ‣ Mexico has Phaulothamnus.

STEGNOSPERMATACEAE (1/3).

AMARANTHACEAE ‣ Corispermum (Coryspermoideae), Aphanisma (Betoideae), Nitrophila (Polycneoideae), Atriplex, Chenopodium (Chenopodioideae/Atripliceae), Cycloloma (Chenopodioideae/Dysphanieae), Blitum (Chenopodioideae/Anserineae), Krascheninnikovia (Chenopodioideae/Axyrieae), Suaeda (Suadeoideae), Allenrolfea (Salicorneae), Pleuropetalum, Lagrezia, Gossypianthus, Tidestromia (Amaranthoideae).

SARCOBATACEAE (1/1).

PHYTOLACCACEAE ‣ Mexico has Agdestis.

PETIVERIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ledenbergia.

NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has Abronia, Acleisanthes, Allionia, Anulocaulis, Commicarpus, Cryptocarpus, Cyphomeris, Grajalesia, Mirabilis, Okenia, Pisoniella, Salpianthus and Tripterocalyx.

MONTIACEAE (5/27).

ANACAMPSEROTACEAE (1/1).

CACTACEAE ‣ Mexico no has Leuenbergerioideae, Maihuenioideae, Blossfeldioideae and Notocacteae. Overall, Mexico has 58 genera. Apart Cacteae and Opuntia, Mexico has (31/)188 spp. and Brazil (41/)253 spp. Pereskiodeae (1/1) - Pereskia (1). Opuntioideae (5/146) - Corynopuntia (3), Cylindropuntia (29), Grusonia (11), Opuntia (97), Pereskiopsis (6). Brazil has only (4/)15 spp. Cactoideae/Cacteae: (26/)423 spp.; tribe absent in Brazil. Cactoideae/Phyllocateae (23/117) - Aporocactus (2), Deamia (3), Disocactus (9), Epiphyllum (7), Kimnachia (1) and Selenicereus (19) in Hylocereinae; (17/)76 spp. outside Hylocereinae. Brazil has 5 spp. in Hylocereinae and 14 spp. outside Hylocereinae (in Frailea and Strophocactus). Cactoideae/Rhipsalideae (1/1) - Rhipsalis (1). Cactoideae/Cereae/Cereinae (2/10) - Melocactus (1), Pilosocereus (9).

CORNALES

CORNACEAE ‣ family absent in Brazil, only Cornus in New World, present in Mexico (5, none endemic) and Colombia (1).

NYSSACEAE ‣ 10 spp. worldide, 5 in Asia and 5 in New World. 4 spp. occur in USA, one of them (Nyssa sylvatica Marshall) up to Mexico, and one occur in Costa Rica and Panama.

HYDRANGEACEAE ‣ a family of North America par excellence. Mexico includes six genera: Deutzia (69, 65 in Asia and 4 endemic to Mexico), Fendlera (3, all in Mexico, two up to USA.), Fendlerella (4, all in Mexico, 1 up to USA.), Hydrangea (96 worldwide, 10 in Mexico, 8 endemic), Jamesia (2, USA, 1 to Mexico), Philadelphus (44, New World, Caucasus and Asia, 20 in New World, 16 in Mexico, 9 endemic), with 38 spp. in country. Colombia includes 4 spp. of Hydrangea, none endemic. (6/36).

LOASACEAE ‣ Mexico wins Brazil in Mentzelia (29 ✕ 1) and in unbrazilian genera: Eucnide (14), Schismocarpus (2, endemic to Mexico), Cevallia (1), Petalonyx (3), Gronovia (2), and Nasa (1). Colombia wins Brazil only in unbrazilian genera: Nasa (21) and Gronovia (1).

ERICALES

BALSAMINACEAE (1/1)

MARCGRAVIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ruyschia.

POLEMONIACEAE (22/105).

FOUQUIERIACEAE (1/11).

PENTAPHYLACACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Cleyera, Symplococarpon.

PRIMULACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Androsace, Bonellia, Deherainia, Dodecatheon, Primula, Synardisia.

MITRASTEMONACEAE (1/1).

ACTINIDIACEAE (1/21).

ERICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Chimaphila, Comarostaphylis, Leucothoe, Lyonia, Macleania, Monotropa, Ornithostaphylos, Orthaea, Orthilia, Pterospora, Pyrola, Sarcodes, Xylococcus.

ICACINALES

ICACINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Mappia (4, 2 endemic), unique genus in country and unique New World genus absent in Brazil. Colombia no wins Brazil in none genera.

METTENIUSALES

METTENIUSACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Oecopetalum (2) and Ottoschulzia (1), and leads in Calatola (4 ✕ 1). Colombia wins Brazil only in unbrazilian Metteniusa (all species occur in Colombia).

GARRYALES

GARRYACEAE ‣ a singles genus in New World with 17 spp., 9 in Mexico, absent in Brazil and Colombia.

GENTIANALES

RUBIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian

UNPLACED

Berghesia, Eizia, Placocarpa, Stylosiphonia

RONDELETIEAE

Blepharidium, Donnellyanthus, Habroneuron, Bouvardia, Rondeletia, Rovaeanthus

HILLIEAE

Balmea

HAMELIEAE

Cosmocalyx, Erithalis, Exostema, Omiltemia, Pinarophyllon, Plocaniophyllon, Pseudomiltemia, Syringantha

CHIOCOCCEAE

Coutaportla, Nernstia, Solenandra

STRUMPFIEAE (absent in Brazil)

Strumpfia

GUETTARDEAE

Arachnothryx, Pittoniotis, Rogiera, Tournefortiopsis

SIPANEEAE

Steyermarkia

DIALYPETALANTHEAE

Hintonia

CORDIEREAE

Glossostipula

SPERMACOCEAE

Arcytophyllum, Carterella, Crusea, Ernodea, Houstonia, Martensianthus, Mexotis, Oldenlandiopsis, Rachicallis, Stenaria, Stenotis, Tessiera

ANTHOSPERMEAE (absent in Brazil)

Nertera

RUBIEAE

Didymaea

MORINDEAE

Morinda

MITCHELLEAE (absent in Brazil)

Mitchella

GENTIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Centaurium, Eustoma, Frasera, Geniostemon, Gentiana, Gentianella, Gentianopsis, Gyrandra, Halenia, Lisianthius, Sabatia, and Zeltnera.

APOCYNACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Allotoonia, Alstonia, Amsonia, Apocynum, Bruceholstia, Cameraria, Cascabela, Dictyanthus, Echites, Fernaldia, Haplophyton, Metalepis, Pentalinon, Pherotrichis, Pinochia, Plumeria, Polystemma, Prosthecidiscus, Thenardia, Thoreauea, Thyrsanthella, Tintinnabularia, and Vulcano.

VAHLIALES

Order absent in New World.

BORAGINALES

BORAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amphibologyne, Amsinckia, Cryptantha, Eremocarya, Greeneocharis, Hackelia, Harpagonella, Johnstonella, Lappula, Lithospermum, Mertensia, Mimophytum, Oncaglossum, Oreocarya, Pectocarya, Plagiobothrys, and Simpsonanthus.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE ‣ (7/112) ‣ Emmenanthe (1), Eucrypta (2), Hesperochiron (1), Nemophila (3), Nama (42), Phacelia (60) and Pholistoma (3).

NAMACEAE (4/46) ‣ Eriodictyon (4), Nama (42), Turricula (1) and Wigandia (1).

EHRETIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Bourreria, Lennoa, Pholisma, Rochefortia and Tiquilia.

SOLANALES

HYDROLEACEAE ‣ Mexico includes one unbrazilian species: Hydrolea ovata Nutt. (C & SE USA, S Mexico). Brazil and Colombia has the same two species, both also in Mexico.

CONVOLVULACEAE ‣ Only 4 unbrazilian genera occur in New World: Decalobanthus (18, Old World, 1 in Mexico to Panama and Caribbean), Itzaea (1, S Mexico to Costa Rica), Petrogenia (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Porana (2, 1 from Thailand to Sulawesi, 1 in Mexico) and Stylisma (6, C & E USA.), remarkable by two high uncomoon disjunctions. Mexico has the unbrazilian Petrogenia (1, Texas to N Mexico, Dichondreae), Itzaea (1, 1, S Mexico to Costa Rica, Cresseae), Decalobanthus (18, Old World, 1 in Mexico to Panama and Caribbean, Ipomoeae) and Porana (2, 1 from Thailand to Sulawesi, 1 in Mexico, Cardiochlamyeae), and suplants Brazil in Cressa (2 ✕ 1), Cuscuta (65 ✕ 22) and Calystegia (5 ✕ 1). Brazil suplants Colombia in all Colombian genera.

SOLANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Brachistus, Browallia, Capsicophysalis, Cataracta (E), Chamaesaracha, Datura, Hunzikeria, Juanulloa, Nectouxia, Plowmania (E), Quincula, Salpiglossis, Schraderanthus, Schultesianthus, and Tzeltalia.

CESTROIDEA/BROWALLIEAE

Mexico and Colombia has the unbrazilian Browallia (2 and 3 species, respectively).

CESTROIDEA/CESTREAE

Mexico suplants Brazil in Cestrum (56 ✕ 45). Colombia suplants Brazil in Cestrum (49 ✕ 45) and Sessea (8 ✕ 1).

PETUNIOIDEAE

Mexico has the unbrazilian Plowmania (1, Mexico to Guatemala) and Hunzikeria (4, Texas, Mexico/3, Venezuela).

SOLANOIDEAE/ATROPEAE

Mexico suplants Brazil in Lycium (20 ✕ 3).

SOLANOIDEAE/EXODECONUS CLADE

Colombia has the unbrazilian Exodeconus (1).

SOLANOIDEAE/SOLANDREAE

Mexico has the unbrazilian Merinthopodium (1) and Schultesianthus (3), and suplants Brazil in Solandra (6 ✕ 2). Colombia has the unbrazilian Doselia (4, Colombia to Ecuador), Merinthopodium (2), Poortmannia (1), Schultesianthus (4), and Trianaea (2), and suplants Brazil in Juanulloa (4 ✕ 2) and Markea (9 ✕ 4).

SOLANOIDEAE/DATUREAE

Mexico has the unbrazilian Datura (14, SW & SC USA. to Mexico, all in Mexico). Colombia suplants Brazil in Brugmansia (4 ✕ 2).

SOLANOIDEAE/SOLANEAE

Mexico and Colombia has the unbrazilian Jaltomata (7 and 8 spp., respectively).

SOLANOIDEAE/PHYSALIDEAE

Mexico has the unbrazilian Cuatresia (1), Capsicophysalis (1), Cataracta (1, endemic), Chamaesaracha (10), Quincula (1), Schraderanthus (1) and Tzeltalia (4). Mexico suplants Brazil in Witheringia (7 ✕ 1) and Physalis (77 ✕ 4). Colombia has the unbrazilian Cuatresia (13), Deprea (9) and Saracha (3). Colombia suplants Brazil in Iochroma (5 ✕ 1) and Witheringia (5 ✕ 1).

SOLANOIDEAE/CAPSICEAE

Mexico and Colombia suplants Brazil in Lycianthes (47 ✕ 10 and 21 ✕ 10, respectively).

LAMIALES

PLOCOSPERMATACEAE (1/1).

OLEACEAE ‣ Cartrema (1), Chionanthus (3), Forestiera (10), Fraxinus (14), Hesperelaea (1), and Menodora (18).

TETRACHONDRACEAE (1/1).

PETENAEACEAE (1/1).

GESNERIACEAE (30 ✕ 26) ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Achimenes, Alloplectus, Alsobia, Amalophyllon, Eucodonia, Gasteranthus, Glossoloma, Kohleria, Moussonia, Neomortonia, Niphaea, Oerstedina, Pachycaulos, Rhynchoglossum, Smithiantha, Solenophora, and Trichodrymonia.

PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Collinsia, Epixiphium, Galvezia, Gambelia, Hippuris, Keckiella, Lophospermum, Mabrya, Maurandella, Maurandya, Mohavea, Neogaerrhinum, Nuttallanthus, Penstemon, Pseudorontium, Rhodochiton, Russelia, Sairocarpus, Schistophragma, Sibthorpia, Synthyris, Tetranema, and Uroskinnera.

SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Alonsoa, Eremogeton, Leucophyllum and Scrophularia.

VERBENACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Junelia, Rehdera and Xolocotzia (one genus more than Brazil).

SCHLEGELIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Gibsoniothamnus.

MARTYNIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Martynia and Proboscidea.

BIGNONIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amphitecna, Astianthus, Chilopsis, Parmentiera, Roseodendron, and Tecoma.

ACANTHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Anisacanthus, Aphanosperma, Barleria, Blechum, Bravaisia, Carlowrightia, Chalarothyrsus, Chileranthemum, Gypsacanthus, Henrya, Holographis, Hoverdenia, Louteridium, Mexacanthus, Mirandea, Spathacanthus, Tetramerium, and Yeatesia.

LENTIBULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Pinguincula.

LAMIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Acanthomintha, Agastache, Asterohyptis, Callicarpa, Catoferia, Mentha, Monarda, Monardella, Physostegia, Pogogyne, Poliomintha, Tetraclea, Trichostema, and Warnockia.

PHRYMACEAE (7/48).

OROBANCHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Aphyllon, Aureolaria, Brachystigma, Chloropyron, Clevelandia, Conopholis, Cordylanthus, Dicranostegia, Epifagus, Kopsiopsis, Lamourouxia, Ophiocephalus, Pedicularis, Seymeria, Seymeria, and Silviella.

ASTERALES

CAMPANULACEAE

Mexico includes unbrazilian Calcaratolobelia, Campanula, Diastatea, Downingia, Githopsis, Heterotoma, Nemacladus, Palmerella, Pseudonemacladus, Wimmeranthus.

LOBELIOIDEAE

XXXXX

CAMPANULOIDEAE

XXXXX

ASTERACEAE

Mexico includes 387 genera (59 endemics) and 3,244 native species of Asteraceae, the largest amount of genera in a same family worldwide. Brazil has only 2,102 species in 271 genera.

Three subfamilies present in Brazil are absents in Mexico, namely Barbadesioideae (4/25 in Brazil), Stifftioideae (5/11 in Brazil) and Wunderlichioideae (4/9 in Brazil). Five other restricted subfamilies also are absents in Mexico, namely Famathinanthoideae (Argentina), Corymbioideae (South Africa), Hecastocleidoideae (SW USA), Pertyoideae (Asia) and Gymnarrhenoideae (Mediteranean region).

Mexico includes only five subfamilies. The huge bulk of the advantage of Mexico against Brazil in Asteraceae resides in Asteroideae + Cichorieae + Cirsium/Plectocephalus + Acourtia/Jungia + Sinclairia. Mexico has 59 endemic genera. In the list of Asteraceae genera occurring in Brazil, Gochnatia is not recognized in Brazil, while Pseudobaccharis is included within Baccharis.

MUTISIOIDEA

Three clades, all in Mexico (7 genera) and Brazil.

ONOSEREIDEAE

In Mexico occur Onoseris (1). In Brazil occur two genera (Onoseris-1, Lycoseris-1).

MUTISIEAE

Mexico has (3/)16 species (Chaptalia-13, Adenocaulon-1, Leibnitzia-2), Brazil has (4/)28 (Chaptalia-14, Trichocline-8, Mutisia-4, Lulia-1). Brazil has one endemic genus, Mexico none.

NASSAUVINAE

Mexico surpasses Brazil n both common genera, namely Jungia (2 ✕ 1) and Trixis (20 ✕ 16). Acourtia only in Mexico (77 in country), and Cephalopappus, Criscia, Holocheilus, Panphalea and Perezia only in Brazil.

GOCHNATIOIDEAE

Mexico includes Nahuatlea (6) and Tehuasca (2, endemic). Brazil has (3/)37 species (Moquiniastrum-20, Richterago-17 and Vickia-1).

CARDUOIDEAE

Mexico includes two genera, Cirsium (45) and Plectocephalus (2). Brazil includes only one species in Plectocephalus.

CICHORIOIDEAE

4 tribes occur in New World (Moquinieae-2/2, endemic to Brazil), three widely distributed. Mexico includes (38/)178 spp., while Brazil includes (58/)497 spp.

LIABEAE

28 spp. in Mexico (27 in Sinclairia, one in Liabum) and two in Brazil (both in Liabum).

VERNONIEAE

Mexican Bolanosa (1, Mexico), Harleya (1, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize), Leiboldia (2, Mexico), Lepidonia (9, Mexico-6, Guatemala, Costa Rica), Spiracantha (1, Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Caribbean), Stramentopappus (2, Mexico) and Vickianthus (10, Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Acilepidopsis, Albertinia, Allocephalus, Anteremanthus, Blanchetia, Caatinganthus, Centratherum, Chresta, Chronopappus, Chrysolaena, Cololobus, Dasyanthina, Echinocoryne, Eirmocephala, Eremanthus, Gorceixia, Gymnanthemum, Heterocoma, Heterocypsela, Hololepis, Lessingianthus, Lychnocephalus, Lychnophora, Lychnophorella, Maschalostachys, Mattfeldanthus, Mesanthophora, Minasia, Pacourina, Paralychnophora, Piptocoma, Piptolepis, Prestelia, Proteopsis, Rolandra, Roquea, Soaresia, Stilpnopappus, Telmatophila, Vinicia and Xiphochaeta do not occur in Mexico.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Eremosis (21 ✕ 1) and Vernonia (9 ✕ 1) at common genera.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Critoniopsis (6 ✕ 4), Cyrtocymura (4 ✕ 1), Elephantopus (10 ✕ 1), Lepidaploa (66 ✕ 10), Pseudelephantopus (2 ✕ 1), Stenocephalum (6 ✕ 1), Vernonanthura (48 ✕ 4) and Piptocarpha (34 ✕ 1) at common genera.

Tied status in both country for Orthopappus (1), Struchium (1) and Trichospira (1).

CICHORIEAE

Mexico includes (15/)71 spp., and Brazil includes only (4/)20 species in Cichorieae.

Mexican Agoseris (12, North America, Argentina, Chile, 3 in Mexico), Crepis (204, northern Hemisphere, tropical and southern Africa, 10 in Canada to Mexico-1), Krigia (7, C and S Canada, USA, N Mexico-1), Lactuca (116, Old World, N America to Guatemala, Bahamas, Hispaniola, 4 in Mexico), Lygodesmia (5, SW Canada, USA, Mexico-2), Malacothrix (W North America and Mexico, two disjunct in Argentina and Chile, 11 in Mexico), Marshalljohnstonia (1, Coahuila in N Mexico), Microseris (22, W North America, Chile, S Peru, Australia and New Zealand, 2 in Mexico), Pinaropappus (10, S USA, Mexico-10, Guatemala), Prenanthella (1, W USA, N Mexico), Pyrrhopappus (4, USA, N Mexico-2), Rafinesquia (2, SW USA, NW Mexico-2), Stebbinsoseris (2, California to Arizona and Mexico-1), Stephanomeria (18, SW Canada, W USA, NW Mexico-10) and Uropappus (1, W Canada to NW Mexico) are unknown in Brazil.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Hieracium (17 ✕ 7), and Taraxacum (5 ✕ 1). Among unmexican, Picrosia (2) is exclusive from South America and Hypochaeris (10 in Brazil) occur in South America and Old World.

ASTEROIDEAE

Mexico has (335/)2,900 spp. in this subfamily, and Brazil has only (185/)1,464. This subfamily includes 22 lineages, 6 does not occur neither Mexico or Brazil: Abrotanellinae, Doroniceae, Calenduleae, Athroismeae, Feddeae and Polymnieae. Among mexican genera, 334 are assignated in any lineage below, one (Bathysanthus) is unplaced. Mexico has 55 endemic genera in this subfamily (including Bathysanthus), Brazil only 40.

SENECIONAE

Mexican Barkleyanthus (1, Arizona to Texas and Honduras), Digitacalia (6, Mexico-5 and Nicaragua), Lepidospartum (3, SW & SC USA to NW Mexico-1), Mixtecalia (1, SW Mexico), Nelsonianthus (2, S Mexico-2 to Guatemala), Packera (76, Artctic to Mexico-19, one in E Europe to Russian Far East and Mongolia), Psacaliopsis (4, Mexico-3 to Honduras), Psacalium (52, Arizona to New Mexico and Guatemala 50 in Mexico), Pippenalia (1, N & W Mexico), Pittocaulon (5, Mexico-5 to Guatemala), Robinsonecio (2, Mexico-2 to Guatemala), Roldana (61), Tetradymia (10, W Canada to NW Mexico-1), Telanthophora (12, Mexico-7 to Panama and Colombia), Villasenoria (1, S Mexico), Werneria (47, Argentina and Chile to Colombia, 1 in Mexico) and Zemisia (2, S Mexico-1 to Honduras, Jamaica) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Delairea, Dendrophorbium, Graphistylis and Hoehnephytum do not occur in Mexico.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Pentacalia (6 ✕ 2) at common genera.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Erechtites (6 ✕ 3), Pseudogynoxys (4 ✕ 3) and Senecio (71 ✕ 69) at common genera.

Emilia (1) tied status in both countries.

GNAPHALIEAE

Mexican Anaphalis (110, Asia, North America, Chile, 1 in Mexico), Ancistrocarphus (2, W USA to NW Mexico-1), Antennaria (45, Asia, Europe, North and South America, 2 in Mexico), Diaperia (3, W Central & S USA to N Mexico-1), Filago (51, Macaronesia, Mediterranean to NE Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Europe to Mongolia and Nepal, 3 in SW & S Central USA to NW Mexico-3), Gnaphaliothamnus (9, Mexico-9 to Panama), Gnaphalium (38, Old World, North and South America, 2 in Mexico), Mexerion (3, Mexico), Micropus (3, one in Iberian Peninsula to Middle East to Iran, two in NW USA to NW Mexico-1), Psilocarphus (5, North America and Mexico-2, Argentina, Chile) and Stylocline (7, SW USA to NW Mexico-3) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Chevreulia, Chionolaena, Facelis, Lucilia and Micropsis do not occur in Mexico.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Achyrocline (22 ✕ 5) and Gamochaeta (19 ✕ 8) at common genera.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Pseudognaphalium (48 ✕ 3) at common genera.

ANTHEMIDEAE

Mexican Achillea (139, Arctic to Guatemala, Lybia, South Arabia and China, 2 in North America 2 in Mexico), Matricaria (6, Arctic to NW Mexico-1, Algeria, India and Vietnam, 2 in North America) and Artemisia (499, Eurasia to Wallacea, North Africa, S Africa, Alaska to Guatemala, South America, 13 in Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Soliva (2 ✕ 1).

ASTEREAE

43 Mexican Almutaster (1, W & C Canada to Mexico-1), Aphanostephus (5, C & S USA to Guatemala, 4 in Mexico), Aquilula (1, NE Mexico), Astranthium (11, C & SE USA to Mexico-9), Aztecaster (2, Mexico), Bathysanthus (1, Mexico), Batopilasia (1, NE Mexico), Chaetopappa (11, W. & C. USA to Mexico), Chloracantha (3, C & S USA to Panama), Corethrogyne (1, Oregon to NW Mexico), Croptilon (3, C & SE USA to NE Mexico), Dichaetophora (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Dieteria (4, W & C Canada to N Mexico-2), Ericameria (37, W & C Canada to N Mexico-12), Euthamia (13, Canada, USA, NW Mexico-1), Geissolepis (1, NE Mexico), Gutierrezia (37, USA, Mexico-14, SE South America), Gymnosperma (1, Arizona to Texas and Guatemala), Hazardia (11, California to NW Mexico-10), Heterotheca (69, Canada to Belize, 20 in Mexico), Isocoma (16, WC & SC USA to Mexico-12), Laennecia (19, SW USA, Mexico-12 to northern South America), Lessingia (12, SW USA to NW Mexico-1), Leucosyris (9, SW & SC USA to Mexico-8), Lorandersonia (6, WC & SC USA to NE Mexico-2), Machaeranthera (2, WC Canada to N & W Mexico-2), Medranoa (5, Texas to E Mexico-5), Monoptilon (2, SW USA to NW Mexico-1), Oreochrysum (1, W USA, N Mexico-1), Oritrophium (24, Mexico-2, Venezuela to Bolivia), Osbertia (3, Mexico-3 to Guatemala), Pentachaeta (6, California to NW Mexico-1), Pityopsis (12, C & E USA to Honduras, Bahamas 1 in Mexico), Psilactis (6, USA, Mexico-5, W South America), Rayjacksonia (3, WC & C USA to NE Mexico-1 and Florida), Sanrobertia (1, E Mexico), Sideranthus (22, WC & C Canada to Mexico-15), Stenotus (4, C Canada to W & C USA and NW Mexico-1), Stephanodoria (1, NE Mexico), Tomentaurum (2, N Mexico), Townsendia (30, W Canada, W USA, N Mexico-2, Hispaniola), Xanthocephalum (5, Arizona and Texas to Mexico-5), Xylorhiza (10, W & C USA to N Mexico-5) and Xylothamia (3, Texas to Mexico-3) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Apopyros, Exostigma, Hysterionica, Inulopsis, Leptostelma, Neja, Noticastrum, Parastrephia, Plagiocheilus, Podocoma and Sommerfeltia do not occur in Mexico.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Baccharis (186 ✕ 44) among common genera.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Archibaccharis (29 ✕ 1), Egletes (2 ✕ 1), Erigeron (106 ✕ 8), Grindelia (30 ✕ 7), Solidago (23 ✕ 2) and Symphyotrichum (26 ✕ 4) among common genera.

CHAENACTIDAE

Mexican Chaenactis (9) does not occur in Brazil.

INULEAE

Mexican Pseudoconyza (1, Old World, Mexico to Bolivia, Caribbean) do not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Stenachaenium and Tessaria do not occur in Mexico. Mexico surpasse Brazil in Pluchea (9 ✕ 3) among common genera. Brazil surpasses Mexico in Pterocaulon (11 ✕ 1) among common genera. Tied status for Epaltes (1).

HELENIEAE

Mexican genera Amblyolepis (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Baileya (3, SW & SC USA to N & W Mexico-3), Plateilema (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Psathyrotes (3, SW USA to NW Mexico-1), Psilostrophe (7, W USA to Mexico-5), Tetraneuris (9, Canada to Mexico-3) and Trichoptilium (1, SW USA to NW Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Gaillardia (13 ✕ 1), Helenium (10 ✕ 1) and Hymenoxys (5 ✕ 2) among common genera.

COREOPSIDINEAE

Mexican genera Coreocarpus (7, SW USA to N Mexico-7), Coreopsis (39, Canada to C Mexico-6 and Caribbean, Peru), Dahlia (42, Mexico-42 and America Central, Colombia), Dicranocarpus (1, SW USA to Mexico), Electranthera (3, Mexico-3 to Honduras), Epilepis (11, Mexico), Goldmanella (1, SE Mexico-1 to Honduras), Henricksonia (1, NE Mexico), Heterosperma (11, North America to Argentina, Caribbean, and Venezuela, 2 in Mexico), Hidalgoa (3, Mexico-2 to Peru), Leptosyne (8, SW USA to NW Mexico-3) and Thelesperma (12, North America, Argentina, Uruguay, 9 in Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Isostigma and Staurochlamys do not occur in Mexico.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Bidens (62 ✕ 18), Chrysanthellum (12 ✕ 1) and Cosmos (34 ✕ 1) among common genera.

NEUROLAENEAE

Mexican genera Greenmaniella (1, NE Mexico) does not occur in Brazil. Brazil surpasses Mexico in Calea (95 ✕ 7) and Enydra (2 ✕ 1) among common genera. Mexico surpasses Brazil in Neurolaena (11 ✕ 1) among common genera.

TAGETEAE

Mexican genera Adenophyllum (13, SW USA to New Mexico-12 and Nicaragua, Cuba), Arnicastrum (2, NW Mexico), Bajacalia (3, Baja California, Mexico), Boeberastrum (2, NW Mexico), Boeberoides (2, S & W Mexico), Chrysactinia (6, SC USA to Mexico), Clappia (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Comaclinium (1, SE Mexico to Panama), Coulterella (1, NW Mexico), Dyssodia (6, Canada to Guatemala, NW Argentina, Peru, 4 in Mexico), Gymnolaena (3, Mexico), Haploesthes (4, Colorado to C USA and NE Mexico-4), Hydropectis (3, N & W Mexico), Leucactinia (1, NE Mexico), Nicolletia (3, California and SC USA to N & W Mexico-3), Oxypappus (1, N & W Mexico), Pseudoclappia (2, SC USA to NE Mexico), Sartwellia (4, SC USA to NE Mexico-4), Strotheria (1, NE Mexico), Thymophylla (13, Mexico-13 and USA, W Argentina), Urbinella (1, NE Mexico) and Varilla (2, Texas to NE Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

All Brazilian genera occur in Mexico. Brazil surpasses Mexico in none genera.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Flaveria (15 ✕ 2), Pectis (45 ✕ 13), Porophyllum (19 ✕ 8) and Tagetes (24 ✕ 2) among common genera.

Tied status for Jaumea (1).

BAHIEAE

Mexican genera Achyropappus (3, Mexico-2 to Guatemala), Bartlettia (1, SC U.A to NE Mexico), Chaetymenia (1, N & W Mexico), Eriophyllum (13, W Canada to NW Mexico-5, Juan Fernández island in Chile), Espejoa (1, Mexico to Honduras), Florestina (8, Texas to Nicaragua, all in Mexico), Hymenopappus (13, WC Canada to N Mexico-7), Hymenothrix (11, WC & SC USA to Mexico-10), Loxothysanus (2, E Mexico), Palafoxia (12, WC & S USA to Mexico-7), Peucephyllum (1, SW USA to NW Mexico), Picradeniopsis (8, W & C USA to Mexico-5, Peru to Argentina and Chile) and Psathyrotopsis (3, SC USA to NE Mexico-3).

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Schkuhria (2 ✕ 1), the unique common genera and the single genus in Brazil.

HELIANTHEAE

52 Mexican genera Agnorhiza (5, California to NW Mexico-1), Bahiopsis (12, SW USA to NW Mexico-1), Berlandiera (11, C & S USA to Mexico-5), Borrichia (3, North America and Caribbean, Mexico-2, Peru), Calanticaria (5, E Mexico), Chromolepis (1, Mexico), Damnxanthodium (1, N Mexico), Davilanthus (7, Mexico), Dicoria (3, SW & WC USA to NW Mexico-3), Dugesia (1, Mexico), Encelia (22, Mexico-16 and W USA, Galápagos to Chile and Bolivia), Engelmannia (1, WC & S USA to NE Mexico), Euphrosyne (5, Canada to S Mexico), Flourensia (32, Mexico-13, SW USA, Peru to Argentina), Geraea (2, SW USA to NW Mexico), Hedosyne (1, Arizona to Texas and N & W Mexico), Helianthella (11, W Canada to N & W Mexico-6), Helianthus (55, C Canada to S Mexico-11), Heliomeris (6, WC & SC USA to Mexico), Hybridella (2, Mexico), Hymenostephium (22, Mexico-10 to Venezuela and NW Argentina), Iostephane (4, Mexico), Iva (10, S Canada, USA, Mexico-3, Caribbean), Jefea (5, SC USA to Guatemala, 4 in Mexico), Lasianthaea (16, SW USA, Mexico-16, America Central, Venezuela), Lindheimera (1, Oklahoma to NE Mexico-1), Lundellianthus (8, Mexico-4 to Nicaragua), Montanoa (29, Mexico, America Central, northern South America, 23 in Mexico), Otopappus (16, Mexico-14 to Colombia), Parthenice (1, Arizona to N Mexico), Perymeniopsis (1, Mexico), Perymenium (65, Mexico-54 to Peru), Philactis (4, Mexico-4 to Guatemala), Plagiolophus (1, SE Mexico), Podachaenium (6, Mexico-5 to Colombia), Ratibida (7, S Canada to N Mexico-6), Rensonia (1, Mexico to Costa Rica), Rojasianthe (1, SE Mexico to Guatemala), Sanvitalia (6, North America, Mexico-5, America Central, Bolivia and Argentina), Sclerocarpus (9, Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Indian Subcontinent, Texas to Venezuela, 7 in Mexico), Squamopappus (1, SE Mexico to Guatemala), Tehuana (1, S Mexico), Tetrachyron (10, Mexico-10 to Guatemala), Trichocoryne (1, N Mexico), Tithonia (12, Arizona to America Central, 11 in Mexico), Tuxtla (1, Mexico and Costa Rica), Vigethia (1, NE Mexico), Viguiera (19, USA to Argentina, 10 in Mexico), Wamalchitamia (7, Mexico-6 to Costa Rica), Zaluzania (12, Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico-12), Zexmenia (5, Mexico-2 to America Central, Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay) and Zinnia (24, C & S USA to Venezuela and N Argentina, all in Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Aspilia (33), Blainvillea, Dimerostemma (27), Elephandra, Eleutheranthera, Oyedaea, Pascalia, Riencourtia, Tilesia and Tuberculocarpus do not occur in Mexico.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Acmella (15 ✕ 6), Aldama (45 ✕ 41), Clibadium (3 ✕ 1), Eclipta (3 ✕ 1), Sphagneticola (2 ✕ 1), Spilanthes (2 ✕ 1) and Wedelia (78 ✕ 24) among common genera.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Ambrosia (28 ✕ 5), Calyptocarpus (2 ✕ 1), Heliopsis (11 ✕ 1), Lagascea (8 ✕ 1), Parthenium (13 ✕ 1), Salmea (4 ✕ 1), Simsia (21 ✕ 1), Verbesina (174 ✕ 14) and Xanthium (3 ✕ 2) among common genera.

Tied status for Baltimora (2), Delilia (1), Melanthera (2) and Synedrella (1).

MILLERIEAE

Mexican genera Alepidocline (6, Mexico-5 and America Central, Venezuela), Alloispermum (17, Mexico-10 and America Central to Peru and Venezuela), Axiniphyllum (5, Mexico), Bebbia (1, SW & SC USA to N Mexico), Cymophora (4, Mexico-3, Venezuela), Dendroviguiera (14, Mexico-13, Costa Rica, Panama), Desmanthodium (8, Mexico-6 to Honduras, Venezuela), Dyscritothamnus (2, E Mexico), Faxonia (1, NW Mexico), Gonzalezia (3, N & W Mexico), Guardiola (12, Arizona to Mexico-12), Milleria (1, Mexico to Bolivia, Venezuela and Caribbean), Oteiza (4, Mexico-3 to Guatemala), Rumfordia (7, Mexico-7 to Panama), Sabazia (16, Mexico-12 to Panama, Colombia), Schistocarpha (13, Mexico-9 and America Central, Venezuela to NW Argentina), Selloa (3, Mexico-2, Colombia), Sidneya (2, S & C USA to Mexico-2, El Salvador), Sigesbeckia (11, Mexico to Argentina and Chile, and Caribbean, 4 in Mexico), Stachycephalum (3, Mexico-1, Ecuador, Bolivia and Argentina), Stenocarpha (2, N Mexico), Tetragonotheca (4, SE USA to NE Mexico-1), Trigonospermum (6, Mexico-6 to Nicaragua) and Zandera (3, Mexico-3 to Honduras and Jamaica) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Acanthospermum and Ichthyothere (20) do not occur in Mexico.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Galinsoga (8 ✕ 2), Jaegeria (9 ✕ 1), Melampodium (41 ✕ 2), Smallanthus (7 ✕ 4) and Tridax (29 ✕ 1) among common genera.

MADIEAE

Mexican genera Amblyopappus (1, California to NW Mexico, Juan Fernández island, Chile), Achyrachaena (1, W USA to N. Mexico), Adenothamnus (1, NW Mexico), Baeriopsis (1, Guadalupe island off Mexico), Centromadia (4, W USA to NW Mexico-3), Deinandra (21, SW USA to NW Mexico-10, Guadalupe), Holocarpha (4, California to NW Mexico-1), Hulsea (7, W USA to N. Mexico-3), Layia (15, W. & WC USA to NW Mexico-2), Lasthenia (17, W USA, SW Canada, NW Mexico-3, Argentina and Chile), Madia (11, USA, Canada, Mexico-3, Hawaii, Argentina, Chile), Osmadenia (1, California to NW Mexico), Syntrichopappus (2, SW USA to NW Mexico-1), Venegasia (1, California to NW Mexico) do not occur in Brazil.

Madieae does not occur in Brazil.

PERITYLEAE

Mexican genera Eutetras (2, Mexico), Galeana (1, Mexico, America Central and N Colombia), Galinsogeopsis (18, Arizona to Texas and Mexico-17), Laphamia (43, SW & S Central USA to N & W Mexico-20), Nesothamnus (1, NW Mexico), Pericome (2, California to Oklahoma and N & W Mexico), Perityle (13, USA to Mexico-1, Peru and Chile) and Villanova (5, Mexico-1 and America Central, Venezuela to Peru and Chile) do not occur in Brazil.

Brazilian Unxia (2) does not occur in Mexico.

EUPATORIEAE

Mexican genera Ageratella (1, N & W Mexico), Ageratina (tropics and subtropics of the New World, 174 in Mexico), Alomia (4, Mexico), Amolinia (1, SE Mexico to El Salvador), Asanthus (3, Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico-3), Brickelliastrum (2, Arizona to Texas and N Mexico-2), Carminatia (5, Arizona to Texas and Honduras, all in Mexico), Carphochaete (7, Arizona to Texas and Mexico-7), Conoclinium (5, SE Canada to Mexico-4, Cuba), Critoniadelphus (2, Mexico-2 to Honduras), Decachaeta (9, Mexico-8 to Panama), Eupatoriastrum (9, Mexico-9 to Costa Rica), Fleischmanniopsis (5, Mexico-3 to Nicaragua), Flyriella (4, Texas to NE Mexico-4), Hofmeisteria (13, Mexico-12, Colombia), Jaliscoa (3, Mexico), Kyrsteniopsis (6, Mexico-6 to Guatemala), Liatris (42, S Canada, USA, Mexico-1, Bahamas), Macvaughiella (4, Mexico-3 to Honduras), Malperia (1, California to NW Mexico), Mexianthus (1, SW Mexico), Microspermum (8, Mexico), Nesomia (1, SE Mexico), Neomirandea (26, Mexico-2 to Colombia and Ecuador), Oxylobus (7, Mexico-7, Guatemala, Colombia and Venezuela), Paneroa (1, SW Mexico), Peteravenia (5, Mexico-3 to Costa Rica), Piqueria (6, Mexico-6 to Panama and Hispaniola), Pleurocoronis (3, SW USA to NW Mexico-3), Shinnersia (1, Texas to NE Mexico), Steviopsis (5, Mexico), Tamaulipa (1, Texas to E Mexico) and Trichocoronis (2, California and Texas to Mexico-2) do not occur in Brazil.

74 Brazilian genera, namely Acanthostyles, Acritopappus, Adenostemma, Agrianthus, Alomiella, Arrojadocharis, Austrobrickellia, Austrocritonia, Austroeupatorium, Ayapana, Ayapanopsis, Bahianthus, Barrosoa, Bejaranoa, Bishopiella, Campovassouria, Catolesia, Cavalcantia, Chacoa, Conocliniopsis, Dasycondylus, Diacranthera, Disynaphia, Dissothrix, Eitenia, Eupatoriopsis, Gymnocondylus, Guayania, Hatschbachiella, Idiothamnus, Gardnerina, Goyazianthus, Grazielia, Gyptidium, Gyptis, Heterocondylus, Imeria, Kaunia, Lapidia, Lasiolaena, Leptoclinium, Litothamnus, Lomatozona, Macropodina, Malmeanthus, Monogereion, Morithamnus, Neocabreria, Ophryosporus, Parapiqueria, Piqueriella, Planaltoa, Platypodanthera, Praxeliopsis, Praxelis, Prolobus, Pseudobrickellia, Radlkoferotoma, Raulinoreitzia, Santosia, Scherya, Sciadocephala, Semiria, Sphaereupatorium, Steyermarkina, Stomatanthes, Stylotrichium, Symphyopappus, Urolepis, Teixeiranthus, Trichogonia, Trichogoniopsis and Vittetia do not occur in Mexico.

Brazil surpasses Mexico in Campuloclinium (15 ✕ 1), Chromolaena (72 ✕ 17), Eupatorium (5 ✕ 1), Isocarpha (2 ✕ 1) and Mikania (207 x 19) among common genera.

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Ageratum (21 ✕ 3), Bartlettina (27 ✕ 1), Brickellia (94 ✕ 1), Critonia (18 ✕ 2), Fleischmannia (22 ✕ 6), Gymnocoronis (3 ✕ 1), Koanophyllon (25 ✕ 13) and Stevia (121 ✕ 42) among common genera.

Tied status for Hebeclinium (1).

AQUIFOLIALES

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Brazil surpasses Colombia and Mexico in the number of species within this family.

PHYLLONOMACEAE

The highly remarkable Phyllonoma (5) does not occur in Brazil — both Mexico and Colombia each host one species.

ESCALLONIALES

Escalloniales does not occur in Mexico. Brazil surpasses Colombia in the number of species within the order (9 ✕ 4).

BRUNIALES

Order absent in New World.

DESFONTAINIALES

A single family in this order with 8 species, from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Chile, unknwon in Mexico. 3 spp. in Colombia, in Columellia-2 and Desfontainia-1, none endemic.

DIPSACALES

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

(4/)57 spp. in Mexico. Mexico and Colombia suspasses Brazil in Valeriana by (38 ✕ 21) and (27 ✕ 21), respectively.

DIPSACOIDEAE

Mexico has unbrazilian Lonicera (7) and Symphoricarpos (7).

LINNAEOIDEAE

Mexico has unbrazilian Vesalea (5).

VIBURNACEAE

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Sambucus (3 ✕ 1) and Viburnum (20 ✕ 1). Colombia surpasses Brazil in Viburnum (21 ✕ 1) and tied in Sambucus (1 ✕ 1).

APIALES

GRISELINIACEAE

Family present in Brazil (1/1) and unknown in Mexico and Colombia.

ARALIACEAE

Colombia includes unbrazilian Cephalopanax (2, Venezuela to Colombia-2). All Brazilian genera occur in Colombia.

Brazil surpasses Colombia in Aralia (2 ✕ 1), Crepinella (9 ✕ 3), Dendropanax (22 ✕ 20) and Didymopanax (35 ✕ 3). Brazil surpasses Mexico in Dendropanax (22 ✕ 8), Didymopanax (35 ✕ 1) and Hydrocotyle (20 ✕ 7).

Brazil includes unmexican Crepinella and Sciodaphyllum. All Mexican genera occur in Brazil.

Colombia surpasses Brazil in Hydrocotyle (24 ✕ 20), Oreopanax (59 ✕ 2) and Sciodaphyllum (68 ✕ 4). Mexico surpasses Brazil in Aralia (6 ✕ 2) and Oreopanax (13 ✕ 2).

APIACEAE

Mexico has (40/)233 spp.

MACKINLAYOIDEAE

Mexico and Colombia includes Micropleura (1, Mexico to Colombia). Tied status for Centella.

KLOTZSCHIOIDEAE

A clade endemic to Brazil (1/3).

AZORELLOIDEA/AZORELLA CLADE

Colombia includes unbrazilian Azorella (8). Tied status in Spananthe (1) in Mexico, Colombia and Brazil.

AZORELLOIDEA/BOLAX CLADE

Mexico surpasses Brazil in Bowlesia (2 ✕ 1). Bowlesia does not occur in Colombia.

APIOIDEAE/OENANTHEAE

Mexico includes unbrazilian Berula (1, Africa, temperate northern Hemisphere to Mexico), Cicuta (2, temperate northern Hemisphere), Neogoezia (5, Mexico) and Oenanthe (1). Brazil surpasses Mexico and Colombia in Lilaeopsis (4 ✕ 1 and 4 ✕ 2).

APIOIDEAE/RIVASMARTINEZIA CALDE

Mexico includes unbrazilian Conioselinum (1, North America, temperate Eurasia), Ligusticum (2, temperate northern Hemisphere to N Mexico) and Villarrealia (1, Mexico).

APIOIDEAE/SCANDICEAE

Mexico includes Chaerophyllum (2), Osmorhiza (3) and Yabea (1, W Canada to NW Mexico) unknown in Brazil. Mexico surpasses Brazil and Colombia in Daucus (2 ✕ 1). Colombia includes unbrazilian Chaerophyllum (1) and Osmorhiza (1).

APIOIDEAE/APIEAE

Brazil includes Apium (2), unknown in Mexico and Colombia.

APIOIDEAE/PYRAMIDOTEAE

Brazil, Colombia and Mexico tied in Cyclospermum (1).

APIOIDEAE/CONIOSELINUM CLADE

Mexico includes unbrazilian Conioselinum (1).

APIOIDEAE/SELINEAE/ARRACACIA CLADE

Mexico includes unbrazilian Arracacia (34, Mexico to Bolivia), Coaxana (2, S Mexico to Guatemala), Coulterophytum (4, W Mexico), Dahliaphyllum (1, SW Mexico), Donnellsmithia (19, Mexico to W Venezuela), Enantiophylla (1, America Central), Mathiasella (1), Myrrhidendron (1, SE Mexico to Ecuador), Neonelsonia (1, S Mexico to Guatemala, W South America to Venezuela), Ottoa (1), Prionosciadium (23) and Rhodosciadium (15).

Colombia includes unbrazilian Arracacia (6), Cotopaxia (2, Colombia and Ecuador one each), Donnellsmithia (1), Myrrhidendron (2), Neonelsonia (1), Niphogeton (18, Costa Rica to Bolivia, 12 in Colombia), Ottoa (1) and Perissocoeleum (4, Colombia-4 to Venezuela).

APIOIDEAE/SELINEAE/PERENNIAL ENDEMIC NORTH AMERICAN CLADE (SYSTEMATIC BOTANY)

Mexico includes unbrazilian Aletes (1, WC & SC USA to NE Mexico), Cymopterus (3), Lomatium (5), Pseudocymopterus (1, WC & SC USA to N & W Mexico), Tauschia (25), Vesper (1, W & C USA to NW Mexico) and Villarrealia (1, Mexico). Colombia includes unbrazilian Tauschia (1).

APIOIDEAE/SELINEAE SL

Mexico includes unbrazilian Angelica (2, temperate northern Hemisphere), Apiastrum (1, SW USA to NW Mexico), Ligustinum (2) and Spermolepis (5, Hawaiian, USA to N & E Mexico, Argentina).

Brazil and Mexico tied in Ammoselinum (1), unique Selineae known in Brazil.

SANICULIDEAE

Mexico and Colombia includes unbrazilian Sanicula (7 and 1, respectively). Brazil surpasses Mexico and Colombia in Eryngium (60 ✕ 50 and 60 ✕ 4, respectively).

PARACRYPHIALES

Order absent in New World.